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The book argues that since substituting ##\theta## by ##-\theta## leaves the orbit equation (3.34) unchanged, the orbit is therefore invariant under reflection about the apsidal vectors (Fig 3.12).
If substituting ##\theta## by ##-\theta## leaves the orbit equation (3.34) unchanged, then there exists a plane of symmetry (where ##\theta=0##) in the orbit. How does the book reach the conclusion of invariance under reflection about the apsidal vectors?
If substituting ##\theta## by ##-\theta## leaves the orbit equation (3.34) unchanged, then there exists a plane of symmetry (where ##\theta=0##) in the orbit. How does the book reach the conclusion of invariance under reflection about the apsidal vectors?