- #36
The Bob
- 1,126
- 0
loseyourname said:
What is this for and what is Planck's Constant?
The Bob (2004 ©)
Why are protons positive. Why are electrons negative? Why do they attract?
In summary: Although they are apparently rare, they do exist and the universe seems to operate on the principle of their existence. There are a bunch of theories about why they are so rare, but as far as we know, the only way to produce them is in a particle accelerator.
What is this for and what is Planck's Constant?
The Bob (2004 ©)
- #37
loseyourname
Staff Emeritus
Gold Member
- 1,830
- 5
Planck's constant is [itex]6.626~\textrm{x}~10^-34 J \cdot s[/itex].
If you rework the relation shown, you can get
[tex]\Delta \rho \geq \frac{h}{2\pi \Delta x}[/tex]
If the electron's position is known with near certainty (which would be the case if it were to collapse into the nucleus), then [itex]\Delta x[/itex] approaches 0. So let us take the limit of the relation as [itex]\Delta x \rightarrow 0[/itex]:
[tex]\Delta \rho \geq \lim_{\Delta x \rightarrow 0}\frac{h}{2\pi \Delta x}[/tex]
We can see that
[tex]\lim_{\Delta x \rightarrow 0}\frac{h}{2\pi \Delta x} = \infty[/tex]
It should be clear that not only can [itex]\Delta \rho[/itex] not be greater than or equal to [itex]\infty[/itex], but it cannot even approach this value if [itex]\Delta x[/itex] approaches 0. Stated simply, the momentum of a particle cannot be close to infinity if its motion is nearly zero. Because of this, the electron must remain somewhere in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.
If you rework the relation shown, you can get
[tex]\Delta \rho \geq \frac{h}{2\pi \Delta x}[/tex]
If the electron's position is known with near certainty (which would be the case if it were to collapse into the nucleus), then [itex]\Delta x[/itex] approaches 0. So let us take the limit of the relation as [itex]\Delta x \rightarrow 0[/itex]:
[tex]\Delta \rho \geq \lim_{\Delta x \rightarrow 0}\frac{h}{2\pi \Delta x}[/tex]
We can see that
[tex]\lim_{\Delta x \rightarrow 0}\frac{h}{2\pi \Delta x} = \infty[/tex]
It should be clear that not only can [itex]\Delta \rho[/itex] not be greater than or equal to [itex]\infty[/itex], but it cannot even approach this value if [itex]\Delta x[/itex] approaches 0. Stated simply, the momentum of a particle cannot be close to infinity if its motion is nearly zero. Because of this, the electron must remain somewhere in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.
Last edited:
- #38
FZ+
- 1,604
- 3
No... Electrons are leptons, which, as far as we can tell, are fundamental particles. Nothing makes them up. (No doubt some string theorist will butt in here to say I'm wrong, but as far as I know, it has not been observed.) And the quark charges are only part of the thing. The strong force works by colour charges, and other such complexities, which forbid certain combinations.
No. Why should it? A ton of feathers still weighs a ton.
Neutrons holding protons? Sort of, yes. Within the hadrons, the quarks are held together by the strong force, which is mediated by particles called gluons. (The theory behind this is Quantum Chromodynamics, which is still kinda sketchy.) Some of this force leaks out, and this is what holds the neutrons and protons together. Essentially.
- #39
The Bob
- 1,126
- 0
FZ+ said:
Sorry FZ+ but in post 22# I said that I got it explained to me although I will have to research this string theory. I have heard it about 50 times now.
FZ+ said:
What I mean is that an atoms (lets take Lithium) will have 3 protons and 3 electrons. The protons have a mass (total) of 3. The electrons have a mass total of 3/1840. So I thought that the mass would affect the amount (or strength) of charge and make the atom positive other all. I was wrong though but I don't know why, unless it is simply that charge is independent of mass (said by loseyourname) and that I must except it. *EDIT* Just though of the old capacitors and the newer ones. They do the same job and have different masses. Sorry.
FZ+ said:
Right. I will remember this. Cheers
The Bob (2004 ©)
Last edited:
- #40
KnowledgeIsPower
- 90
- 1
The answer was that nobody knows the real reason at the minute, though it seems to be something to do with binding energy, which is created when protons and electrons combine to form a neutron.
My personal theory is that as protons and electrons combine, neutrons are polar. As there are usually more neutrons in an atom than protons they are arranged much like hydrogen bonds between water molecules, in that like charges from the negative ends of neutrons will attract protons. If there is a greater number of neutrons surely they will hold the protons in the center in a kind of lattice, if arranged correctly.
If anyone here has anything to add, or any possible problems with that theory i'd be interested to hear it.
But that's just my idea, it's not concrete and i certainly haven't done any experiments to 'prove' it.
My personal theory is that as protons and electrons combine, neutrons are polar. As there are usually more neutrons in an atom than protons they are arranged much like hydrogen bonds between water molecules, in that like charges from the negative ends of neutrons will attract protons. If there is a greater number of neutrons surely they will hold the protons in the center in a kind of lattice, if arranged correctly.
If anyone here has anything to add, or any possible problems with that theory i'd be interested to hear it.
But that's just my idea, it's not concrete and i certainly haven't done any experiments to 'prove' it.
- #41
The Bob
- 1,126
- 0
KnowledgeIsPower said:
If the neutron is polar it must have a positive end (or it will not be neutral). Therefore the force acting on the electrons is even higher than just protons attracting them. The idea is good but seems unlikely although the idea of the polars is very good (as a neutron is made of an up (positive) quark =2/3 and 2 down (negative) quarks = -1/3 - 1/3 = -2/3, which are equal like a magnet).
Can't really fault it properly but it is good.
The Bob (2004 ©)
- #42
KnowledgeIsPower
- 90
- 1
The Bob said:If the neutron is polar it must have a positive end (or it will not be neutral). Therefore the force acting on the electrons is even higher than just protons attracting them. The idea is good but seems unlikely although the idea of the polars is very good (as a neutron is made of an up (positive) quark =2/3 and 2 down (negative) quarks = -1/3 - 1/3 = -2/3, which are equal like a magnet).
Can't really fault it properly but it is good.
The Bob (2004 ©)
Yes, but i would suggest that the neutrons are binded to the protons with their positive ends facing away from the protons, and towards the electrons, reducing repullsion on the protons and even increasing attraction on the electrons.
Perhaps also neutrons are situated evenly at intervals on the 'outside' of a centralised complex of proton/neutrons. If they were situated at regular intervals then surely repullsion away from the neutrons could be the same for all the sides on the protons and they would be repelled towards the center, possibly negating the repullsion they would exert on each other.
- #43
reilly
Science Advisor
- 1,077
- 2
The plain fact is, sad to say, nobody has a clue about the fundamentals of electric charge, nor mass -- that is, we do not know why charges are either + or - Ne, or + or - e/3, where e is the electron's charge and N is an integer, nor do we know the why of the electric/ magnetic forces. But given the usual assumptions, we can do wonders in explaining chemistry, radar, atomic spectra, superconductivity, and so on. The same goes for masses -- although the standard theory does give some clues.
In his great work on Hydrogen, Bohr said: "If, the electron is confined to various discrete, STABLE orbits, then, ...". He subsequently derived the formulas for the spectra of hydrogen. Why stable orbits? Who really knows? But, the mature quantum theory of atomic systems based on the Schrodinger eq. yields Bohr's stable atomic orbits, which we now call stationary states. Why does QM work? Who knows? But, indeed, QM does work -- some have called QM the most tested of scientific theories.
The end of science is nowhere in sight.
Regards,
Reilly Atkinson
(The Kaluza-Klein 5-dimensional relativity, the mother of "folded dimensions", does predict quantized charge, but the details don't match reality."
In his great work on Hydrogen, Bohr said: "If, the electron is confined to various discrete, STABLE orbits, then, ...". He subsequently derived the formulas for the spectra of hydrogen. Why stable orbits? Who really knows? But, the mature quantum theory of atomic systems based on the Schrodinger eq. yields Bohr's stable atomic orbits, which we now call stationary states. Why does QM work? Who knows? But, indeed, QM does work -- some have called QM the most tested of scientific theories.
The end of science is nowhere in sight.
Regards,
Reilly Atkinson
(The Kaluza-Klein 5-dimensional relativity, the mother of "folded dimensions", does predict quantized charge, but the details don't match reality."
- #44
FZ+
- 1,604
- 3
No. Binding energy is just a number we calculate. It is just an observed value. It has nothing to do with how it really works. Best theory, last I looked, is still Quantum Chromodynamics. People used to think the neutron attracted protons by electrostatics, but experiments with particle accelerators and so on have shown that to be false. The attraction is just too strong, and worse, does not diminish the way electromagnetics is known to diminish with increasing distance. We *need* the strong force.
- #45
stamba
- 15
- 0
Proton is positive beaucouse the first subatomic particle that was discovered is positivly charged, and that particle was named proton. It name comes from latin word PROTOS which means the first and the most important. When other particles were discovered they were given names that suite them the most. Electron was given name on Greek language ELEKTRONION which is a kind of rock. It was taken that sign of proton was +1 and of electron -1.
- #46
FZ+
- 1,604
- 3
IIRC, it comes from Electrum, which is an archaic name for amber - because early static electricity was made by rubbing amber. This is also where terms like electricity came from.
- #47
The Bob
- 1,126
- 0
FZ+ said:
IIRC? Another term I do not know. What is it please?
The Bob (2004 ©)
- #48
FZ+
- 1,604
- 3
If I Remember (or Recall) Correctly
- #49
The Bob
- 1,126
- 0
FZ+ said:
Cheers
The Bob (2004 ©)
- #50
RandomGuy23
- 1
- 0
Well I came across this forum while studying electricity for my Aviation Maintenance classes and would like to put in my 2 cents:
Quatro.., is right:
When Benjamin Franklin made his conjecture regarding the direction of charge flow (from the smooth wax to the rough wool), he set a precedent for electrical notation that exists to this day, despite the fact that we know electrons are the constituent units of charge, and that they are displaced from the wool to the wax -- not from the wax to the wool -- when those two substances are rubbed together. This is why electrons are said to have a negative charge: because Franklin assumed electric charge moved in the opposite direction that it actually does, and so objects he called "negative" (representing a deficiency of charge) actually have a surplus of electrons.
By the time the true direction of electron flow was discovered, the nomenclature of "positive" and "negative" had already been so well established in the scientific community that no effort was made to change it, although calling electrons "positive" would make more sense in referring to "excess" charge. You see, the terms "positive" and "negative" are human inventions, and as such have no absolute meaning beyond our own conventions of language and scientific description. Franklin could have just as easily referred to a surplus of charge as "black" and a deficiency as "white," in which case scientists would speak of electrons having a "white" charge (assuming the same incorrect conjecture of charge position between wax and wool).
However, because we tend to associate the word "positive" with "surplus" and "negative" with "deficiency," the standard label for electron charge does seem backward. Because of this, many engineers decided to retain the old concept of electricity with "positive" referring to a surplus of charge, and label charge flow (current) accordingly. This became known as conventional flow notation.
FUNNY how those kind of things happen.
Source : http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_1/7.html
Talk about bringing back a dead post hahaha
Quatro.., is right:
When Benjamin Franklin made his conjecture regarding the direction of charge flow (from the smooth wax to the rough wool), he set a precedent for electrical notation that exists to this day, despite the fact that we know electrons are the constituent units of charge, and that they are displaced from the wool to the wax -- not from the wax to the wool -- when those two substances are rubbed together. This is why electrons are said to have a negative charge: because Franklin assumed electric charge moved in the opposite direction that it actually does, and so objects he called "negative" (representing a deficiency of charge) actually have a surplus of electrons.
By the time the true direction of electron flow was discovered, the nomenclature of "positive" and "negative" had already been so well established in the scientific community that no effort was made to change it, although calling electrons "positive" would make more sense in referring to "excess" charge. You see, the terms "positive" and "negative" are human inventions, and as such have no absolute meaning beyond our own conventions of language and scientific description. Franklin could have just as easily referred to a surplus of charge as "black" and a deficiency as "white," in which case scientists would speak of electrons having a "white" charge (assuming the same incorrect conjecture of charge position between wax and wool).
However, because we tend to associate the word "positive" with "surplus" and "negative" with "deficiency," the standard label for electron charge does seem backward. Because of this, many engineers decided to retain the old concept of electricity with "positive" referring to a surplus of charge, and label charge flow (current) accordingly. This became known as conventional flow notation.
FUNNY how those kind of things happen.
Source : http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_1/7.html
Talk about bringing back a dead post hahaha