Electronics Definition and 643 Threads

Electronics comprises the physics, engineering, technology and applications that deal with the emission, flow and control of electrons in vacuum and matter. It uses active devices to control electron flow by amplification and rectification, which distinguishes it from classical electrical engineering which uses passive effects such as resistance, capacitance and inductance to control current flow.
Electronics has had a major effect on the development of modern society.
The identification of the electron in 1897, along with the subsequent invention of the vacuum tube which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals, inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age. This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode, which made electrical amplification of weak radio signals and audio signals possible with a non-mechanical device. Until 1950, this field was called "radio technology" because its principal application was the design and theory of radio transmitters, receivers, and vacuum tubes.
The term "solid-state electronics" emerged after the first working transistor was invented by William Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen at Bell Labs in 1947. The MOSFET (MOS transistor) was later invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. The MOSFET was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturised and mass-produced for a wide range of uses, revolutionizing the electronics industry, and playing a central role in the microelectronics revolution and Digital Revolution. The MOSFET has since become the basic element in most modern electronic equipment, and is the most widely used electronic device in the world.
Electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunication, and signal processing. The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information-processing possible. Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed electronic components into a regular working system, called an electronic system; examples are computers or control systems. An electronic system may be a component of another engineered system or a standalone device. As of 2019 most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is described as an electronic circuit. Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, optoelectronics, and sensors, associated passive electrical components, and interconnection technologies. The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible.
The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of solid-state electronics.

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  1. Lahearle

    Quantum Looking for good book on Molecular Electronics

    Looking for a good book on moletronics that is priced reasonably. This is a very niche subject and I doubt many people have gotten into it. It is basically how molecules form to create various electronic components. Any suggestions?
  2. R

    Just Joined the Forum

    Hello: I lurked for a while and found the topics interesting. I'm a retired electronics technician and the content here is right up my alley. Looking forward to more. Randolph
  3. C

    Fluid flow to electronics and back

    My early working years were spent in fluid flow instrumentation, venturi tubes, measurement of flow through vortex shedding etc. Eventually ended up in computers and electronics but now retired, and partly in an effort to keep up with my sons who both did science at university I have a renewed...
  4. RodionGork

    Electronics teacher, now working on website with physics exercises

    Hi Friends and Colleagues! It so happened I give classes of electronics in certain local school (which itself is physics-oriented) - as a hobby, once a week, perhaps more than 15 years already. Meanwhile by occupation I'm a meek programmer and years ago I created some programming-puzzles...
  5. badr

    Job Skills My current job shows some limitations, I need some guidance please

    Hi everyone here. In 2012 when i was 22 years old , i started an apprenticeship in electronics repair , and worked for my self for almost 5 years . I was repairing switching devices like welders and inverters , easy job by replacing bad components like IGBTs and capacitors. In 2017 i started...
  6. R

    How Does a Retired Electronics Engineer Stay Engaged with Physical Sciences?

    I am a retired Electronics Engineer. BSEE from Iowa State Univ and MSEE from California State Univ-Northridge. Still interested in the physical sciences.
  7. Muhammad Usman

    I How was electronics propagation delay measured historically?

    Hi, I know in todays world we have more sophisticated equipment to measure the propagation delay of electronics equipment, but for my own curiosity i want to know how historically the propagation delay was measured for electronics device such as transistor.
  8. Y

    Need a good link to learn V=IxR for my grandaughter

    Hi My grand daughter is a senior in HS, She even took AP physics and calculus, BUT she never learn simple electrical stuff, like the basic V= I x R. I want suggestion of some good links she can read about very basic electricity/electronics starting with V = I x R. Of cause I know all those...
  9. TheAmatuerHobbyist

    Electrical Electromagnetic confinement and Oscillators

    I am wondering if it is possible to use two electromagnets oscillating at about 1 ghz to suspend an amount of ferrofluid in an acrylic chamber. As I understand it, 1 ghz should be sufficient enough to get the ferrofluid away from each magnet, as after a quick google search, magnetic fields move...
  10. M

    Is it possible to Vary the Size of some Really Tiny cells?

    First, I know almost nothing about physics or electronics, but I think this idea has promise. Maybe this post should be in "Engineering"? Is there a Cell, or Entity, or Really Tiny Bubble, maybe even Electronic, sorta' like... your LED computer screen is made up of millions of Pixels. Those...
  11. bigmike94

    Courses Help choosing modules for electrical engineer - electronics degree

    TL;DR Summary: Which path would be best. Physics or mechanical for electrical engineering. My uni doesn’t offer electrical engineering but offers electronics engineering. Looking for advice from anyone in industry or similar. I’m on an open STEM degree and I’m following the electronics...
  12. Birck

    Can DIY Isolation Transformers Be Safe for Hobby Projects?

    I have no BG in electronics beyond tinkering. I'm strictly a hobbyist of a certain age, retired, hoping that I can die a natural death far in the future. To that end, I have put together an isolation transformer set (two identical transformers linked back-to-back) in order to complete the design...
  13. V

    What is the role of an electronics engineer in designing automotive LED lights?

    I am an electronics engineer and work as a designer of automotive LED lights
  14. H

    B Where Do Electrons Go When a Battery Loses Charge?

    I am no physicist or student and am asking question in order to out try and understand why my old tractor is not charging. This got me into understanding the concepts of how the generator and voltage regulator work to create a current to charge the battery. My investigations pulled me down in...
  15. dlgoff

    Who was Phil Anderson, the Mentor of Electronics?

    I just learned that my electronics mentor Phil Anderson (who I worked with at Kantronics Inc.) has died at age 81. Here's his obituary: https://obituaries.ljworld.com/us/obituaries/ljworld/name/philip-anderson-obituary?id=52368527 Edit: It's a little long (1:11) but you can listen to a podcast...
  16. ARoyC

    Engineering Optimizing Diode Performance: Load Line Analysis

    I have drawn the I-V characteristic graph of the diode. I am facing problems with drawing the load line. For what value of E (Source Voltage), should I draw the Load Line? To get the I-V graph, I had to continuously change E.
  17. T

    Studying Critique My Self-Study Schedule (Signal Processing & RF Electronics)

    Hello everybody. I have already graduated I am currently in training at work which I am required to finish intensive courses. So I will start when it's completed. My interests are in Signal Processing & RF Electronics which you could tell by the study plan I created. I will be taking a slow...
  18. R

    Engineering How to calculate the interference voltage?

    Hello everyone, I have this circuit and I need to determine the interference voltage. I am not sure, where the interference voltage is applied and how to determine it. I think the interference voltage is uv nad my equivalent circuit looks like this: Am I in heading into the right direction...
  19. O

    M700 Steel in Maxwell Electronics 2D Material Library

    Hi everybody, I don't have M700 grade silicon/electrical steel data to add to Maxwell Electronics 2D Material Library. How/Where can I find this data? Could you help me? Thanks, Oguzhan Gonc
  20. PainterGuy

    Why digital electronics section start with analysis of inverter?

    Hi, Both NAND and NOR are considered to be universal gates. For example, NAND gates can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and inverter operations. The same could be said of NOR gate. Then, why the digital electronics section of electronics textbooks almost always start with the...
  21. M

    How to program a buzzer to a PIC18F452 with PROTEUS and MPLAB IDE?

    crystal frequency is 4MHz The code i have tried is: #include <p18cxxx.h> #include <xc.h> void main(void) { TRISC = 0; // making TRISC pins output ADCON1 = 0x07; // making them digital pins while(1) { RC0 = 1; __delay_ms(5000); RC0 = 0...
  22. M

    How do you use electrical components adequately?

    The image i provided is a section of microcontroller circuit that i used to interface code in C with the I/O port of the microcontroller, in Proteus. I have realized i was only ever told to learn how to measure the voltage and current across the components, Kirchhoff's rules and all, and...
  23. V

    Understanding Fundamentals of Electronics: Solving an Electric Charge Problem

    It's not a homework. I came up with this problem myself. Trying to understand fundamentals of electronics. Do you know how to solve it? Is voltage somehow related to electron energy levels? What knowledge should I gain to be able to solve problems like that? Thank you! If we ground the cathode...
  24. F

    The investigation into the dynamics of entangled particles.

    Hey I'm Fraser, I am a Strathclyde university graduate with a master's in electrical and mechanical engineering. I am interested in furthering my knowledge on quantum entanglement in relation to general dynamics. I am interested in researching its capabilities in ICBs. I hope I can find...
  25. Raihan amin

    Understanding a heat sensor circuit?

    What I understand is that the β parameter of the npn transistor is temperature dependent. Increasing the temperature increases the collector current and hence the LED turns ON. But I don't understand the resistor arrangement.Also I can see that the diode is keeping the Base-Emitter junction in...
  26. ARoyC

    Measuring Capacitance using a basic Multimeter

    Is there any way to measure the capacitance of a capacitor indirectly using a multimeter that does not have the option to measure capacitance directly?
  27. Jason-Li

    Comp Sci Signal to Noise Ratio Calculation in Decibels: How to Simplify with Decibels

    So pretty confident I understand part (a) however for part (b) I'm not sure if I have carried it out correctly if someone could give me a pointer? (b) 5dBmV Input as a voltage: 5=20Log(V/1mV) V=105/10 V=1.77827941mV Then the noise level is 20dbμV so changing to a voltage: 20=20*Log(V/1μV)...
  28. VVS2000

    I Electronics experiment boards -- What experiment can I do with these?

    I recently got these electrical experiment boards to do some experiments but I am new to doing experiments with such boards. Can someone help? Thanks in advance https://ibb.co/zXTbNby https://ibb.co/tDjKrV0 https://ibb.co/JdCTgqY https://ibb.co/DDkGjbp
  29. V

    LED module failing due to DC motor?

    I use a 2 Relay Motor module to control Direction on a motor (linear actuator). When Relay A is active, actuator retracts. When Relay B is active, actuator extents and Led Module is activated. After some repetitions Led module fail. Cause of the fail? I believe Surge voltage, although i am not...
  30. C

    White stuff of ants colony inside electronics

    What is this white stuff in the ants colony inside electronics? Is it sugar? nest? I presume the ants were attracted to the warmth of the pcb? It's a Morley addressable smoke detector Separate question. I saw illustrations of a smoke detector with light catcher. But the Morley doesn't...
  31. Y

    Comp Sci How does a washing machine make use of digital electronics?

    I know what Boolean algebra and logic gates are, but I am having a hard time to describe how washing machines operate on digital electronics. Here's my attempt 'Washing machine have various functions like different cycle settings for various temperatures or cycle duration, or a delayed start...
  32. Wrichik Basu

    Other Any books on these topics in Analog electronics?

    In our fourth semester academic curriculum, we have a paper on Analog Electronics. (For those who don't know: I am studying UG physics major.) I have found some good lectures online that cover a part of the course, but I don't have any material for the rest of the topics. The following topics...
  33. S

    Engineering How Do You Calculate Load Current Values in a Center-Tap Full Wave Rectifier?

    [New poster has been reminded by the Mentors to show their work on schoolwork problems] I have tried many times to solve this problem, but can't understand how to get the value of Im and hence cannot find the Peak & other values of the load current. Please help me to solve...
  34. P

    Engineering Small signal AC modeling for a boost converter with resistive losses

    I've attached my attempts at the solution and the actual question below. I believe the only issue I am having is I don't know how to get rid of "I" in both my final inductor and capacitor equations as the HW states I shouldn't have anything in term of I. I believe I need to put "I" in terms of...
  35. Avaro667

    Courses Electronics vs Telecom for Physics?

    Hello everyone,i would be greatful if someone could take the time to answer the following questions for me : -First is,does it worth getting a physics degree after completing an EE degree ? Or would be better to just do a masters/PhD in physics? -Could you suggest courses an EE could take that...
  36. Mondayman

    Intro Physics Textbook on Electronics and Circuit Analysis

    Hi folks, I'm looking for a solid introductory book on electronics and circuit analysis. I have seen The Art of Electronics highly recommended. I will likely get it but as a supplement. Does anyone know of any other good electronics textbooks? I don't mind old textbooks. Some of the newer...
  37. T

    Questions for Electronics Engineering Experts: Oscilloscope, Function Gen & DMM

    Hi experts, I am a student of electronics engineering and a new member. I have few questions related to Oscilloscope, function generator and Digital Multimeter. 1. what does the DC offset on the function generator do? 2. What is the frequency range and type of signals available? 3. What is the...
  38. Christoffer B

    CAMAC crate electronics - Where were/are they used?

    Hi! I've done some research on the CAMAC standard of nuclear electronics - "It's like NIM but digital" - as I would like to acquire a bin and some modules for historic and scientific curiosity. I have never worked with the system, and I would like to get in touch with somebody who has. How...
  39. Boltzman Oscillation

    The important non-fundamental electrical components?

    Through my 2 analog classes and 2 electronics classes I have learned about resistors, inductors, capacitors, BJTs, Mosfets, and FETS. What are some other fundamental components that I should be taking a look at? To add to this, I don't consider gates as fundamental because they are built up from...
  40. J

    A Comprehensive "Map of Electronics Engineering"

    Summary:: I was wondering if there was a map of electronics engineering much like this does for physics (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZihywtixUYo). I realize that looking at undergrad course outlines should give a decent picture of the field. However I am looking for a more comprehensive...
  41. J

    Engineering Sketching output waveforms while considering slew rate

    1. Using the frequency equation I know the time period is 1 millisecond. 2. The duty cycle (50%) equation tells me that the pulse width and the amplitude is 1 V. 3. Thus the input waveform looks like this : (?) 4. As the slew rate is 0.5 volts per microsecond, the output voltage would take...
  42. J

    Engineering Basic opamp design problem ##V_{output} = 3V_1 - 2V_2##

    Here I let ##R_2 = 2 ## kohms and ##R_1 = 1## kohms. Using this suggests that ##R_3 = 0## and ## R_4 = 1 ## kohms (?!) The resulting circuit is Is this the correct way to solve this? PS : I just realized that I have interchanged ##V_1## and ## V_2## in the diagram!
  43. Boltzman Oscillation

    Are ISFETS available for cheap or am I out of luck

    I was looking into measuring the ph levels of a lake nearby where I live. I wanted to tie the experiment to my electronics coursework so I did some reasearch and found the wonder electronic that is the ISFET. Unfortunately, I cannot find anywhere to buy an ISFET transistor; I can easily find...
  44. H

    Designing a DC Motor Torsional Spring Circuit with Arduino Uno

    I'm a relatively new entry into the world of electronics so my understanding of what is possible may not be an accurate one. In a nutshell, I would like to have a DC motor act as a torsional spring with some variable virtual spring constant (k). The motor, or "spring", would act against an...
  45. therealist

    How do I find the frequency, speed and direction of a wave

    Hey I am trying to learn how waves move in time and I am not sure how to solve the following question. Can someone please guide me through it.
  46. M

    How to calculate the efficiency of a switch mode power supply?

    I know how to calculate the power output and input by analyzing the current in put and output with multimeters and using the formula P=VI. But P_out is obviously incomparably smaller than P_in so the efficiency would suck this way. Is there a better way to do this??
  47. Boltzman Oscillation

    Engineering How Do You Determine Node Voltage in a Circuit with Identical BJTs?

    I am given that all the BJTs are the same. First of all, when finding node voltages like Vref should I make the node voltage a voltage source first and then do circuit analysis? If so then I would use KVL but that does not give me Vref = 2Vbe. I do know that Vref = Vb1 = Vb2. What am I doing...
  48. P

    Can Switch Mode Power Supply Design Be Simplified Through Intermediate Algebra?

    Hello everybody. Its Pedro Garcia from morocco casablanca. I am mainly here to deepen my knowledge in electronics applied mathematics. I have downloaded two books , first is intermediate algebra to review my knowledge in maths in general in order to easily read the second book which is...
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