Nuclear magnetic resonance Definition and 60 Threads
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus. This process occurs near resonance, when the oscillation frequency matches the intrinsic frequency of the nuclei, which depends on the strength of the static magnetic field, the chemical environment, and the magnetic properties of the isotope involved; in practical applications with static magnetic fields up to ca. 20 tesla, the frequency is similar to VHF and UHF television broadcasts (60–1000 MHz). NMR results from specific magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is widely used to determine the structure of organic molecules in solution and study molecular physics and crystals as well as non-crystalline materials. NMR is also routinely used in advanced medical imaging techniques, such as in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
The most commonly used nuclei are 1H and 13C, although isotopes of many other elements can be studied by high-field NMR spectroscopy as well. In order to interact with the magnetic field in the spectrometer, the nucleus must have an intrinsic nuclear magnetic moment and angular momentum. This occurs when an isotope has a nonzero nuclear spin, meaning an odd number of protons and/or neutrons (see Isotope). Nuclides with even numbers of both have a total spin of zero and are therefore NMR-inactive.
A key feature of NMR is that the resonance frequency of a particular sample substance is usually directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. It is this feature that is exploited in imaging techniques; if a sample is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field then the resonance frequencies of the sample's nuclei depend on where in the field they are located. Since the resolution of the imaging technique depends on the magnitude of the magnetic field gradient, many efforts are made to develop increased gradient field strength.
The principle of NMR usually involves three sequential steps:
The alignment (polarization) of the magnetic nuclear spins in an applied, constant magnetic field B0.
The perturbation of this alignment of the nuclear spins by a weak oscillating magnetic field, usually referred to as a radio-frequency (RF) pulse. The oscillation frequency required for significant perturbation is dependent upon the static magnetic field (B0) and the nuclei of observation.
The detection of the NMR signal during or after the RF pulse, due to the voltage induced in a detection coil by precession of the nuclear spins around B0. After an RF pulse, precession usually occurs with the nuclei's intrinsic Larmor frequency and, in itself, does not involve transitions between spin states or energy levels.The two magnetic fields are usually chosen to be perpendicular to each other as this maximizes the NMR signal strength. The frequencies of the time-signal response by the total magnetization (M) of the nuclear spins are analyzed in NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. Both use applied magnetic fields (B0) of great strength, often produced by large currents in superconducting coils, in order to achieve dispersion of response frequencies and of very high homogeneity and stability in order to deliver spectral resolution, the details of which are described by chemical shifts, the Zeeman effect, and Knight shifts (in metals). The information provided by NMR can also be increased using hyperpolarization, and/or using two-dimensional, three-dimensional and higher-dimensional techniques.
NMR phenomena are also utilized in low-field NMR, NMR spectroscopy and MRI in the Earth's magnetic field (referred to as Earth's field NMR), and in several types of magnetometers.
I'm beginner in NMR studies and now I'm studying quadrupole interaction. In this case, spins larger than 1/2 have a non-spherical charge distribution and this asymmetry interacts with external electric fields.
But the question is: What is the relation between the nuclear shape (or charge...
I have found articles that show T1 and T2 values for mineral oil and I compare them to mine and there is over 50% error also I know that T1>T2 but mine numbers don't follow that scheme.
Hi, can anyone provide literature that explains nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in terms of a quantum mechanical theory?
Could QED explain NMR in its entire phenomenon?
In nuclear magnetic resonance, when should one process spectra in absorption mode and when - in magnitude mode? What is benefit of using the first one and the second one? For example, I need to integrate spectrum. In this case, what should I use - absorption or magnitude mode?
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Homework Statement
J-coupling term between two spins is
HJ = ħJ/4 σz(1) σz(2)
In the measured magnetization spectrum of the spins, this leads to the splitting of the individual
spin lines by frequency J, which we’ll now derive. We can write the magnetization of spin 1 as:
<M1(t)> =...
hello guys
i saw a slayer exciter circuit , witch is the crude more simpler version of the tesla coil
and i made it , it works quite well but i have some questions.
some questions :
1 - how strong is the magnetic field caused by this tesla coil ? it can ionize neon gas , or argon ?
2 - i...
Please explain Nuclear Magnetic resonance and how it is applied to other fields? I know it has to do with magnetic field around atoms and stuff like spectroscopy and imaging. But please correct me and please go in dept with Nuclear magnetic resonance.
Hi everyone. I'm just looking for an online description of the nuclear magnetic resonance machine, with explanations of all components, and their physical principles...anyone can help me? Giving me any link to a website talking about it?
In addiction, could be this be a valid topic for a...
My physics buddy and I have been having a debate. I was claiming that even under the natural Earth's magnetic field that with good signal to noise ratio based on the radar systems scaled appropriately the top layers of the Earth could be seen. He claimed that the signal to noise ratio of the T1...