Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.
Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre (N/m2); similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and U.S. customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.
Philosophically, it is impossible to prove a negative, so I will turn to one of the most recognised authorities, Anderson, J. D. (2011) "Fundamentals of Aerodynamics" Fifth Edition. An on-line version can be borrowed from archiv.org at Fundamentals of aerodynamics : Anderson, John D., Jr. (John...
I'm trying to think of the least creepy reason I found my small lateral bathroom window closed this morning. I live in a 2 bed/1 bath apartment on the ground level with my two dogs and no one else. I rarely have people over. My bathroom doesn't have a fan and I don't have the best memory, so I...
Hi Physics Forum Folks! What an amazing resource of knowledge, ... thanks!
The question is on the attached graphic, as its much more clear with an illustration.
(Please read questions on this graphics first before looking at the video below,)
This video is a very quick look at the actual...
This is what I thought was a simple task, but it's causing me headaches.
I have a conical steel tank with approximately 14 liters of fluid capacity. I need to determine the volume of water in the tank when in use, and we are currently planning to measure the pressure at the bottom of the tank...
Hey guys,
It‘s been a few years since I had my last physics class so please be kind to me. I came here to ask you about a phenomenon I recently discovered in a design of mine.
The object in question is a stand with 3 arms, holding a water tank (see pic below).
All openings are pretty tightly...
For a volume fixed in space with the positive component of the z axis pointing up, I have the force of gravity pointing down.
Using the following equation I have to derive the Euler's equation.
##\frac{d}{dt} (\rho \vec{u} \otimes \vec{u}) = \phi + F_v + F_s##
Where ##\phi## is the flux...
I have found the answers for T = 848.615K, P = 126137.7705 Pa and change in S = -184.27008 J/K. But my answer for work is not correct and I am not sure where I am making an error. Could someone please help me out with how to calculate work? My steps for work is :
We are given:
Pi = 101325 Pa
Pf...
Could line "b" become choked if the diameter at point 3 was increased? If so, what is the limit for the diameter and angle of the divergent section of the nozzle? Is there a point at which the angle is too great, and the diverging part is no longer effective, and the flow goes back to behaving...
A diffuser normally decreases the velocity by increasing the area. With assumption of an incrompressible flow, according to Bernoulli, the static pressure increases. What happens if one "forces" the flow through a diffuser by applying a bigger pressure on the inlet than on the outlet?
I do not remember the correct terms to look this information up on Google. I once read that as a pressure wave goes down into a closed cone every time cross sectional smaller by 1/2 the pressure wave doubles. My cone is 12" x 12" on the open end and 1"x1" on the closed end. Cone is 24" long...
How did you find PF?: Friend
I need to move a 2000 pound weight up twenty feet into the air on top of an eight inch diameter piston (surface area of 50 square inches) how much steady pressure would i need to achieve this and overcome the friction on the piston itself. Im trying to lift a door/wall
I had a question today as a part of my studies which was 1) If space is ever expanding what is the pressure on the creating space (universe) upon creation and 2) at what rate might you assume the quantum field is also being created and is it being affected by this pressure of creation. This is...
Given that ##P = ρgh##, there's obviously a problem with the following derivation of fluid pressure under gravity. Can someone spot the flaw?
$$W = mgh$$
$$W = ρVgh$$
$$F \cdot dh = ρVgh$$
$$F \cdot dh = ρ(Ah)gh$$
$$F \cdot dh = ρgAh^{2}$$
$$\frac{d(F \cdot dh)}{dh} = \frac{d(ρgAh^{2})}{dh}$$...
For this engineering project I am trying to understand how the pressure would be distributed (if at all) throughout the enclosure.
It will be at a depth of 500 meters (4888 kPA).
It is designed with a stainless steel enclosure which can withstand the external pressure at this depth. Inside is...
I am a bit confused on the marking scheme as attached above.
P1V1 is a constant by Boyle's Law. If the volume increases by a factor of 3, then the pressure decreases by a factor of 3.
This means that the pressure at the top is 1/3 the pressure at the bottom, right? The pressure at the top is...
Dear memebers,
I have a test setup with a pipe (25 mm dia) having certain holes with a suction fan at the end of pipe. I need to check the suction pressure generated in the holes. What type of sensors can i use to install inside the pipe (above the hole in the mainstream) which doesn't disturb...
I thought I could use force balance as
$$V\rho g=m\omega^2r$$
But that gives two different values and neither correct
$$(Ab)\rho g=(Ab\rho)\omega^2 (b) \text{ on the left}$$
$$(A×3b)\rho g=(A×2b×\rho)\omega^2(2b) \text{ on the right}$$
Just in case, the answer in the book in B
Let’s imagine a glass of water. Now, we press on the free surface of water with a spoon (just for example), will the pressure in the entire glass increase equally?
If you had pressure sensors (red) inside closed containers (black). The one on the left having more air volume than the one on the right. They are inside a bucket (green) that is filled with water. The water will rise higher in the left container. Will the pressure sensor readings be identical...
The pump has an outlet size of 4 inch
1) In case 1, 4 inch pipe is connected at length of 20 m
2) In case 2, 2 inch pipe is connected using reducer
In both cases the pump outlet conditions are same( having same flow rate at a given pressure)
What happens to pressure at the end of the pipe in...
Storage tank leaks are caused by the failure of the pressure relief valve, tank body, or tank piping.
If the pressure relief valve fails, can't it contribute to tank body and/or piping failure from overpressure? But the tank body and tank piping can fail by other mechanisms (mechanical...
Quoted from the O&M manual of an electrical steam superheater:
"The Steam Superheater has eight thermocouples of the NiCr-Ni type, known as "K," attached to the heating element sheath. Four of these thermocouples are positioned near the steam outlet nozzle, where the highest temperature is...
Can someone explain to me Bernoulli's principle as to why the pressure across a restriction varies as the square of the velocity?
I'm looking for an understanding (conceptual) as to why this is without a gazillion math examples please. Thanks.
Hi All, in the following problem:
the book solution
I don't understand why he added the term
$$
\rho g h_{z} A_{y}
$$
shouldn't it just be :
$$
F = 1/2 \rho g h_{y} A_{y}
$$
PV=nRT
P*1L = 6 moles * 0.0821*298 (I added up all the moles and solved for pressure)
P =146.79 atm
146.79 atm * V = 2 moles Ar * 0.0821* 298 (I plugged in the moles for argon and solved for volume)
V= 0.333 L
Answer key says the answer is 1 Liter. Where did I go wrong?
When we learn about atmospheric pressure in physics class, there's this classic experiment with a straw (second drawing). So i wanted to ask about the hydrostatic pressure in that particular experiment.
Is the total pressure at point 1' equal to Patm + ρgh ? So is the total pressure at point 1'...
I've never had any physics class before so please bare with me on my lack of understanding.
I've been thinking about gravity and its relation to entropy lately and was wondering if my thinking is correct.
Entropy seems to be an opposing force to gravity. where gravity is creating gradients...
The solution manual says that before water enters the hollow So here an air bubble of radius R will escape from the sphere. The excess of pressure inside the bubble is 2T/R. The excess of pressure prevents the penetration of water into the sphere. Water begins to penetrate when the excess of...
Hi Whoever,
I have an idea for a system which would work for my food business but it doesn't exist. The system essentially relies on hydraulics, pressure relief valves and check valves for recirculation upon reached pressure.
All tanks/pipes (The entire system) will be prefilled except for 1...
Another likely very basic question from me
Suppose I pinch a piece of A4 paper and pull it up, at a velocity of let’s say 1 or 2m/s (i.e. order of magnitude 10^0). The paper, of course, encounters air resistance / drag as it moves through the air, but there’s also a (larger) force that is...
Seen a lot of videos of a guy increasing and decreasing the pipe size on YouTube and changing the flow of water or the pressure. It seems an explanation of how this works would be nice. I understand a little bit about flowing pressure. Is there any other things that involved in this?
Hi,
New member here. I have no higher education, please excuse me if I'm asking an obvious question, and feel free to reply with more questions if my post is unclear! And please feel free to correct me if I'm using wrong term(s), or wrong assumptions.
My question is related to pressure, and...
I have two gas tanks of nitrogen and oxygen. Mixture of gases is created and used in the system of interest.
Let's say I want to create an atmospheric conditions in my system, mass ratio of oxygen to nitrogen is 0.3 and total pressure of 1 bar (oxygen partial pressure 0.21 bar). Therefore, mass...
As an example, you have a 100-gallon capacity sealed pressure vessel containing 100 psi of air pressure. What is the change in air pressure as the vessel volume is increased? If the volume is doubled is the pressure reduced to 50 pounds psi. On a graph, is the reduction rate a straight line? Is...
Hey!
Im currently writing a lab on how an increase in the volume of an object will result in an increase of buoyancy force acting on an object. We fully immerse different amounts of clay playing blocks into water (using a string) on top of a scale, and calculate the buoyancy force. The reasoning...
I'm not sure how to set up the pressure balance at the magnetosphere? Maybe some energy equation relating ##\frac{1}{2} \dot{M} v^2 \sim## magnetic energy density?
I do know how to solve this question:
We find the equilibrium pressure due to air molecules inside the container (after water has stopped flowing). Then, assuming initial pressure of gas inside the container to be atmospheric pressure, we use Boyle's law to find the new volume of the gas and...
Let us say that the glass isn't whole under the water. If the height of the air layer under the water is ##\Delta x##, then the pressure the water acts on the gas is ##p=p_{\mathrm {atm}}+\Delta x \rho g##. But my confusion is why the "hydrostaic pressure" is ##\Delta x \rho g##, not ##L\rho...
Look at this picture of two superposed loads:
Imagine that each bullet weight 150 grains and each gunpowder charge 50 grains.
If the rear load were to be fired first, it would be equal to firing two bullets +the weight of the front gunpowder charge. So a 350 grains bullet with a 50 grains...
I suppose that the temperature is the same for the helium as well as for the air. So
##\frac 43 \pi r^3 \rho g >m_{He}g+4\pi r^2 \sigma g##.
I would determine the density of air from ##p_0 \mathrm d V=\frac{\rho \mathrm d V}{M_a}RT##.
So
##m_{He}<4\pi r^2\left(\frac{p_0M_a r}{3RT}-\sigma...
Hi,
In my textbook the author say that the drag coefficient is the drag force divided by the pressure at the stagnation point time the area perpendicular to the stream.
##c_d = \frac{2F_d}{\rho v^2 A}##
To get the pressure at the stagnation point I'm using Bernoulli for an incompressible fluid...
How did you find PF?: by searching
If I have an old 5000 lt pressure tank and as I see it needs a change of its membrane (Bludder) what is the recommendation that must be followed and also what is the volume ratio between the membrane before using and after testing or working situations
Hi everyone! Not sure if this is the right place, but here we go:
I am layman when it comes to physics, so I might be overthinking this completely, but I need to make sure that the physics stack up before I do the actual pipes etc.
I have a 1000-litre water tank and below it I have a smaller...
The pressure in the inner tube after four transfers of air from the pump is given by the formula:
\displaystyle p_C = p_A \left(\frac{V_C + V_P}{V_C}\right)^n
where \displaystyle n is the number of transfers, \displaystyle p_C is the pressure in the inner tube, \displaystyle p_A is the...