Projection Definition and 434 Threads

Consider an energy eigenstate. We know that measuring the energy of this state we will get the eigenvalue of it as our measurement value. But what is the meaning of the eigenvalues of the projector? Since the projector is Hermitian, its eigenvalue is observable, but how do we measure it?

Hello. I am conversing with Flat-Earth folks who tend to lean upon the Azimuthal Equidistant (AE) map centered on the North pole. I know that the AE map is a projection of the globe onto a flat surface, and is only accurate in distances north and south along lines of longitude. The east west...

Show that if ##f : X \to Y## is a morphism of ringed spaces, ##\mathscr{F}## is an ##\mathcal{O}_X##-module and ##\mathscr{E}## is a locally free ##\mathcal{O}_Y##-module of finite rank, then for all ##p \ge 0##, there is an isomorphism $$R^pf_*(\mathscr{F}\otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} f^*\mathscr{E})...

I am looking at this now; pretty straightforward as long as you are conversant with the formula: anyway i think there is a mistake on highlighted i.e Ought to be ##-\dfrac{15}{37}(i+6j)## just need a confirmation as at times i may miss to see something. If indeed its a mistake then its time...

Objectives: - best path for optics needed to focus and "draw"/project a high resolution image onto a workspace around 500mm square (for a Laser Direct Imaging machine) - where to cost effectively purchase or make the optics necessary to build a prototype The problem: I need to project a high...

Hello! I have two energy levels of opposite parity close by (we can assume they are far from all the other levels in the system) and an off-diagonal term in the 2x2 matrix Hamiltonian that weakly couples them. I initially populate only one parity state, say the positive one, and after a while...

Hello! I have some electrons produced from a 3D gaussian source isotropically inside a uniform electric field. The electric field guides them towards a position sensitive detector and I end up with an image like the one below (with more electrons on the edge and fewer as you move towards the...

Hi there, I am currently reading a course on euclidian spaces and I came across this result that I am struggling to prove : Let ##F## be a subspace of ##E## (of finite dimension) such that ##F=span(e_1, e_2, ..., e_p)## (not necessarily an orthogonal family of vectors), let ##x \in E## Then...

Hello everyone, I would like to get some help with the above problem on signals and linear projections. Is my approach reasonable? If it is incorrect, please help. Thanks! My approach is that s3(t) ad s4(t) are both linear combinations of s1(t) and s2(t), so we need an orthonormal basis for the...

Quantum Mechanics, McIntyre states the projection postulate as: "After a measurement of ##A## that yields the result ##a_n##,the quantum system is in a new state that is the normalized projection of the original system ket onto the ket (or kets) corresponding to the result of the measurement"...

Hello all! As seen in the summary, I'm not sure if anyone can understand, but I will try to make this as clear as possible. Working in the 3D Plane: Given that there is a trajectory motion in the 3D Plane, and I have the coordinates of the motion at every 1s interval. This means at t=1s, the...

I'm looking at the following web page which looks at rendering bezier curves. GPU Gems 3 - Chapter 25 Paper on same topic The mathematics is quite interesting, I was interested to know what the F matrix would look like for for a linear bezier equation. The maths for the quadratic case is in...

Does the central projection of the position of a star to the firmamentum (celestial sphere) has a special name?

So I was watching a YouTube video preparing for a quiz on Wednesday, and I saw something that I would like clarification on. I'm pretty sure I understand what is being explained, but I just want to confirm. The figure above is associated with the problem at hand. So I understand that to get the...

Here is this week's POTW: ----- Let $X$ and $Y$ be topological spaces. If $Y$ is compact, show that the projection map $p_X : X \times Y \to X$ is closed. -----

Summary:: Hello all, I am hoping for guidance on these linear algebra problems. For the first one, I'm having issues starting...does the orthogonality principle apply here? For the second one, is the intent to find v such that v(transpose)u = 0? So, could v = [3, 1, 0](transpose) work?

I'm sorry if the wording is a bit clunky, but this is not a common topic for me. Say you have some 3D object consisting of vertices and facets. There are many tools that can visualize this and they only show its projection on 2D, i.e. on your screen. I presume that you would filter the faces...

Are there any materials that go from transparent to opaque when a bright light is shined on it? In particular I would like something that acts like a window until I project a movie onto it and then is opaque in the regions where the light hits it at certain levels of brightness.

In Minkowski spacetime, calculate ##P^{\gamma}_{\alpha}U^{\beta}\partial_{\beta}U^{\alpha}##. I had calculated previously that ##P^{\gamma}_{\alpha}=\delta^{\gamma}_{\alpha}+U_{\alpha}U^{\gamma}## When I subsitute it back into the expression...

I identified $$(\Phi_{SN})_{*})$$ as $$J_{(\Phi_{SN})}$$ where J is the Jacobian matrix in order to $$(\Phi_{SN})$$, also noticing that $$\frac{\partial}{\partial u} = \frac{\partial s}{\partial u}\frac{\partial}{\partial s} + \frac{\partial t}{\partial u} \frac{\partial}{\partial t} $$, I wrote...

A recent thread Why Grid North doesn't agree with True North on maps had a lot of discussion on map projections. Here is a new contender for best way to project the globe in 2D. I am interested in their claim. "distances across oceans or across poles are both accurate and easy to measure."...

[Moderator's note: Spun off from a thread in the QM forum to separate out the interpretation discussion.] Yes, but I was hoping that you could give a precise specification of the difference. (In my opinion, @vanhees71 never specified the difference precisely.)

Given the triangle above where V < v'_{1}, prove that the \[ v_{1}=V \cos(\psi)+v'_{1} \cos(\theta - \psi) \] It is said that v_{1} is equal to the sum of the orthogonal projections on v_{1} of V and of v'_{1} and that is precisely the expression that show. But I couldn't see how to make the...

I'm a little confused how to do this homework problem, I can't seem to obtain the correct answer. I took my vectors v1, v2, and v3 and set up a matrix. So I made my matrix: V = [ (6,0,0,1)T, (0,1,-1,0)T, (1,1,0,-6)T ] and then I had u = [ (0,5,4,0) T ]. I then went to solve using least...

Why is the projection postulate needed? For the measurement result's repetition?

I'm trying to dig up anything that supports or discounts Schommers' theory as it relates to Projection Theory. Tried some Googling and came up with naught.

An ocean world navigational map will not have any reason to chop up its navigational maps into artificial pieces to accommodate continents. That disqualifies several projections to start. I want to figure out what kind of a projection they would use. Since they would be doing all their...

Hey! :o We have the vectors $\displaystyle{a_k=\begin{pmatrix}\cos \frac{k\pi}{3} \\ \sin \frac{k\pi}{3}\end{pmatrix}, \ k=0, 1, \ldots , 6}$. Let $P_k$ be the projection matrix onto $a_k$. Calculate $P_6P_5P_4P_3P_2P_1a_0$. Are the elements of the projection matrix defined as...

i am reading this paper . in the definition 19 we have |z><z| = :exp(a-z)^\dagger (a-z): in the extansion the first term is the identity son it is not hart to find an eigenvector for the value 1. it is ok if the vector is annihilated by a. if is the case for the coherent grouns state. how to...

Hello, I have built a device and i want to test different types of nozzles. Problem is; the size of the nozzles i need are hard to find in company stock. So i need to make sure before i make any order. I have no background or degree any related area so it is hard to understand the equations...

I read the Wikipedia article : https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection Section : Mathematics of the Mercator projection. For a map to be conformal should not it be $$k(\phi)=C,h(\phi)=C$$, or the shrinking coefficient shall be not only equal but homogeneous, in order to be...

Hi! Sorry if this isn't the best question, but I've been trying to do a project where I thought it would be interesting to talk about coastlines. I downloaded a GIS (QGIS) to try and see if I could roughly measure all the continents for myself, but I haven't really done this before, so I wasn't...

I find in the literature frequent reference to the "measurement postulate" and, sometimes, to the "von Neumann’s projection postulate". The difference, if any, seems to me subtle but I can't tell which. However, they are never mentioned both in the same context/paper, so I'm afraid that they may...

Summary: Perspective projection is often referred to when talking about camera models I have the following problem. Perspective projection is often referred to when talking about camera models(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_projection#Perspective_projection). I don’t think I understand it...

## \dfrac{1}{2} \left(\begin{array}{rrrr} 0 & 2 & -2 & 0 \\ 3 & -2 & 2 & -3 \\ 3 & -4 & 4 & -3 \\ -2 & 2 & -2 & 2 \end{array}\right)## The matrix satisfies ##A^2=A##, so it is a projection. To find ##U'##, one can find the ##\text{ker} \ (A-I)=\text{ker} \ (I-A)=\text{im} \ (A)=U'##. Also...

The given definition of a linear transformation ##F## being symmetric on an inner product space ##V## is ##\langle F(\textbf{u}), \textbf{v} \rangle = \langle \textbf{u}, F(\textbf{v}) \rangle## where ##\textbf{u},\textbf{v}\in V##. In the attached image, second equation, how is the...

Assume ##P_1## and ##P_2## are two projection operators. I want to show that if their commutator ##[P_1,P_2]=0##, then their product ##P_1P_2## is also a projection operator. My first idea was: $$P_1=|u_1\rangle\langle u_1|, P_2=|u_2\rangle\langle u_2|$$ $$P_1P_2= |u_1\rangle\langle...

In Principles of Quantum mechanics by shankar it is written that Pi is a projection operator and Pi=|i> <i|. Then PiPj= |i> <i|j> <j|= (δij)Pj. I don't understand how we got from the second result toh the third one mathematically.I know that the inner product of i and j can be written as δijbut...

Hello everybody! I have a doubt in using the chiral projection operators. In principle, it should be ##P_L \psi = \psi_L##. $$ P_L = \frac{1-\gamma^5}{2} = \frac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} \mathbb{I} & -\mathbb{I} \\ -\mathbb{I} & \mathbb{I} \end{pmatrix} $$ If I consider ##\psi = \begin{pmatrix}...

I don't understand why we could not use the 1/4 of the circle lying on the xy plane as R. In the exercise it is not explained. The idea would be taking the arc length. I know it is not easier than making your projection on the xz plane, but just wondering if this is possible. I guess it is not...

Homework Statement Let u = (3, -8, 5, 5) and v = (-9, -4, -7, 2). Find ||u − projvu||. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution >> u=[3 -8 5 5] u = 3 -8 5 5 >> v=[-9 -4 -7 2] v = -9 -4 -7 2 >> proj_u_v = dot(u,v)/norm(v)^2*v proj_u_v = 1.2000...

I've been reading this book, in which the author expresses the vacuum projection operator ##\vert 0\rangle\langle 0\vert## in terms of the number operator ##\hat{N}=\hat{a}^{\dagger}\hat{a}##, where ##\hat{a}^{\dagger}## and ##\hat{a}## are the usual creation and annihilation operators...

Given a representation of a Lie Group, is there a equivalence between possible electric charges and projections of the roots? For instance, in the standard model Q is a sum of hypercharge Y plus SU(2) charge T, but both Y and T are projectors in root space, and so a linear combination is. But I...

In my pre-calculus textbook, the problem states: A 200-pound cart sits on a ramp inclined at 30 degrees. What force is required to keep the cart from rolling down the ramp? The gravitational force can be represented by the vector F=0i-200j In order to find the force we need to project vector...

The question asks to calculate the determine the projection of the resultant force of F1 and F2 onto b-axis. However instead, the solution is a projection of F1 on b axis plus F2. Shouldn't the solution involve the projection of R which is 163.4 on to be axis? and for answering that, don't we...

Let ##(x_1,x_2,x_3)=\vec{r}(\theta,\phi)## the parametrization of a usual sphere. If we consider a projection in two dimension ##(a,b)=\vec{f}(x_1,x_2,x_3)## Then I don't understand how to use the metric, since it is ##g_{ij}=\langle \frac{\partial\vec{f}}{\partial...

I am reading Miroslav Lovric's book: Vector Calculus ... and am currently focused n Section 1.3: The Dot Product ... I need help with an apparently simple matter involving Theorem 1.6 and the section on the orthogonal vector projection and the scalar projection ...My question is as follows: It...

Can you tell if the ring will be beta or alpha in the haworth projection, chair conformation by just looking at the Fischer projection, or must you be told first before creating the two from the Fischer? If so, could someone explain how? I've seen a bunch of websites and they all seem to say...