Quantum state Definition and 96 Threads

(Mods, I posted a lot on the MWI yesterday, but this seemed different enough to warrant its own thread. If you disagree, I apologize.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy says the following in its article on the Many Worlds Interpretation: Is this backed by science? It reminds me of...

I suspect it will help if you know about my background: I did some linear algebra in university but never used it and am now in my mid 60s. I am interested in understanding the mathematics of quantum physics. I have read a number of layman's texts on quantum mechanics, but they all gloss over...

The titular paper can be found here, https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac6f2f, and on arXiv as https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.10931 (which is paginated differently, but the text and equation and section numbers are the same). Please see the abstract, but in part this 24 page paper argues that we...

The dimension of the space of quantum states of multiple particles grows exponentially as the number of particles increases. I would have expected to more likely find the quantum state of many particles in a strange state (such as an entangled one) but it is not so, why? Why isn't the universe...

In balanced homodyne detection, it is claimed that one can do state tomography. I understand most of the derivation except one part. Here is a figure describing homodyne detection. the operator that is being measured is $$ R=N_{1}-N_{2}=a^{\dagger} b+b^{\dagger} a $$. taking the mode b to be...

In Nielsen and Chuang p.223 we have the following situation: $$\frac{1}{2^t} \sum\limits_{k,l=0}^{2^t-1} e^{\frac{-2\pi i k l}{2^t}} e^{2 \pi i \varphi k} |l\rangle$$ Which results from applying the inverse quantum Fourier transform to state ##\frac{1}{2^{t/2}} \sum\limits_{k=0}^{2^t-1}...

Hello, I have a question about the measurement of a qubit in the computational basis. I would like to first state what I know so far and then ask my actual question at the end.What I know: Let's say we have a qubit in the general state of ##|\psi\rangle = \alpha|0\rangle + \beta|1\rangle##. Now...

I have a fidelity between the initial state and final state is 1 at t=0,1,2...etc. What does it mean physically? Does it mean that the quantum state is not evolved here. But In quantum dynamics every physical system evolves with time.

fidelity for pure state with respect to t=0 is 1. My teacher told me this. But I am not getting this. This is my detailed question the initial state(t=0)##|\psi\rangle=|\alpha\rangle|0\rangle## the final state (t) ##|\chi\rangle= |i\alpha\sin(t)\rangle|cos(t)\alpha\rangle## Fidelity between the...

I'm struggling with my Final Degree Project. I would like to perform a quantum simulation and perform quantum tomography for a single-qubit using a resrticted Boltzmann machine. In order to do so I'm trying to follow the recipe in the paper "Neural Network quantum state tomography, Giacomo...

Hello everyone! I'm trying to implement a quantum circuit that yields a superposition state $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (|01 \rangle + |10 \rangle)$$ I'm using parameterized gates to achieve this. I have been able to create the state $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|01\rangle + e^{i\phi} |10 \rangle)$$ Is there...

A very interesting paper was recently released that's a follow up to the paper that talked about Time Reversal to a known state. If you remember a lot of papers talked about how they reversed time. Here's more from the new article. Basically, Schrodinger's equation is reversable and there's no...

Hi there, popping by here to check my answer because another online platform has already answered it but my answer appears to be wrong. I can't seem to understand why though :/ Since I can find the energy at a state to be ##E_{n}=\dfrac {-13.6z^{2}}{n^{2}}eV## At ground state where n=1...

As a simple example, the probability of measuring the position between x and x + dx is |\psi(x)|^{2} dx since |\psi(x)|^{2} is the probability density. So summing |\psi(x)|^{2} dx between any two points within the boundaries yields the required probability. The integral I'm confused about is...

(This question is on the elementary side...) In the Schrödinger picture, the state is dependent on time. If you have a state composed of several particles, generally you can break them up, with each one depending on local time. But in an entangled system, say of two particles, you can no longer...

Elementary question: Is there ever a case where the solutions for a wave equation turn out not to be a vector (in Hilbert space of infinite complex-valued dimensions, or a restriction to a subspace thereof) , but something else -- say, (higher-order) tensors or bivectors, or some such? My...

I would like to apply a General Lorentz Boost to some Multi-partite Quantum State. I have read several papers (like this) on the theory of boosting quantum states, but I have a hard time applying this theory to concrete examples. Let us take a ##|\Phi^+\rangle## Bell State as an example, and...

I have a Hamiltonian ##H_{\lambda(t)}##, where ##\lambda (t)## characterizes a time dependent path in parameter space. The parameter is changed in finite time from ##\lambda (t_i)## to ##\lambda(t_f)## . At ##t = t_i## the system is in the intial state ##|\Psi>##. What is the work done on the...

I'm reading Tim Maudlin latest book "Philosophy of Physics: Quantum Theory". In the following descriptions, it is not akin to holographic? "In the context of the quantum recipe, the mathematics of the wavefunction suggests that the quantum state (whatever it is) is a fundamentally global sort...

Dear experts, I'm currently working my way through the paper Masanes, Galley, Müller, https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.11060. On page 3, they define what they call a bi-local measurement: If we have two systems a and b and we define an outcome probability function for some measurement f on system a...

Hi all, I'm trying to understand how to describe the quantum state of entangled photons, including their phase, if one of them encounters a double-slit. Here's a simple example: Suppose you have two polarization-entangled photons A and B in the following Bell state: \begin{equation}...

Homework Statement Suppose two polarization-entangled photons A and B in the following Bell state: \begin{equation} \Phi=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\bigl(\left|H_{A},H_{B}\right\rangle + \left| V_{A},V_{B}\right\rangle\bigr) \end{equation} 1. What is the state if the photon A passes through a...

Can anyone tell me, What quantum state really is? Is it applicable for all sub atomic particles? Then, Can anyone explain how two electron are never in same quantum state. And Does proton or neutron follows the same law as electron for obtaining unique quantum state.

Homework Statement An electron in a hydrogen atom falling from an excited state to the ground state has the same wavelength than an electron moving at a speed of 7821 ms^-1. From which excited state did the electron fall from? Homework Equations I used the kinetic energy equation: K = (m...

I'm watching a lecture and the professor is talking about generic quantum states as |\psi> He's making the point that this state is very generic. It can represent anything. He references some examples like the polarization of a photon and the path of a photon and the spin of an electron...

> Operator $$\hat{A}$$ has two normalized eigenstates $$\psi_1,\psi_2$$ with > eigenvalues $$\alpha_1,\alpha_2$$. Operator $$\hat{B}$$ has also two > normalized eigenstates $$\phi_1,\phi_2$$ with eigenvalues > $$\beta_1,\beta_2$$. Eigenstates satisfy: > $$\psi_1=(\phi_1+2\phi_2)/\sqrt{5}$$ >...

I was wondering how the rules work for observation in a quantum system. Particularly, about what happens if two separate entities try measuring at the same time. And also, what kinds of interactions are happening all the time that are considered measurements, for example in quantum...

Hello! If the Library of Babel has 10^(2,000,000) books, does anyone think that it is possible to create a quantum state (with a quantum computer) that represents this Library? I think that in a classical way it is impossible, but in a quantum way? I find it quite interesting! What about you? :)

Homework Statement If possible could someone have a look at my working for this problem, I am not sure if I have carried out part b) correctly. I have done all three problem and carried through my solution to b) just to see if it did simplify out, which it didn’t which make me think I may have...

Homework Statement Is the statement ”Given a two-fermion system, and two orbitals φ labeled by quantum numbers a, b, the two-body wavefunction (1,2 represent the particle variables) $$\psi(1,2) = \phi_a(1) \phi_a(2) - \phi_b(1) \phi_b(2) + \phi_a(1) \phi_b(2) - \phi_b(1) \phi_a(2) $$...

I am trying to read through this paper discussing what quantum fluctuations mean in their various contexts, particularly in de Sitter space. I have come across this passage and am curious to what it actually means? https://arxiv.org/pdf/1405.0298.pdf pg. 10, second paragraph: "If a quantum...

Homework Statement Part e) Homework Equations I know that the time evolution of a system is governed by a complex exponential of the hamiltonian: |psi(t)> = Exp(-iHt) |psi(0)> I know that |psi(0)> = (0, -2/Δ) The Attempt at a Solution I'm stuck on part e. I was told by my professor...

Homework Statement Given a wave function that is the super position of the two lowest energies of a particle in an infinite square well ##\Psi = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}\psi _1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\psi _2##, find ##\langle E \rangle##. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I'm not sure...

Does this mean that we will one day have an answer to the old age question on the ontology of the wave function: Towards optimal experimental tests on the reality of the quantum state http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aa54ab

Hi, I am learning quantum entanglement. I am interested to create an up to date list of all known : - Photon Quantum States - Particle Quantum States - Classically entagled photon states I guess that there is an organization out there that already have this info. If someone can point me into...

<< Mentor Note -- thread moved from Homework Help forums to General Math >> Good day, I run coding in Mathematica. But, I get singular matrix A at certain loop. In theory, how can I make matrix A become orthogonal A=\begin{pmatrix} 0& 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0& 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &...

Good day, From my reading according to negativity for tripartite state, it is given as below; $$N_{ABC}(\rho)=(N_{A-BC}N_{B-AC}N_{C-AB})^{1/3}$$ with $$N_{I-JK}=-2\Sigma_i\sigma_i(\rho^{TI})$$ where $$\sigma_i(\rho^{TI})$$ being the negative eigenvalues of $$\rho^{TI}$$, the partial...

Hi folks, Let's pick a simple example, the H atom. We can calculate all spherical armonics, all quantum numbers so we are able to know which are all the possible states of the electron. We know all the values this observables can take. But the question is, let's say we have a handbook of...

Homework Statement A gaussian wave packet is given by the formula: Ψ(x)=(1/(π1/4d1/2))eikx-(x2/2d2) Calculate the expectation value in this quantum state of the momentum squared. Homework Equations <p2>=-ħ∫Ψ*(X) (d2Ψ(x)/dx2) dx ∫e(-x2/d2) dx= d√π ∫xe(-x2/d2) dx =0 ∫x2e(-x2/d2) dx = (d3√π)/2...

Is Bose condensation state a multiparticle state or many single identical states? Can we apply Pauli principle to two electrons that one is on the Earth and the other is on the Moon?

I'm currently reading through a set of notes on statistical mechanics, and when it comes to deriving the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions it uses the terminology single-particle state. By this, is it meant that if the particles can be assumed independent, then each particle can be...

These are just a few quick and simple questions. When are particles in a quantum state? Are they always in a quantum state in-between interactions, or once interacted with are they never in a quantum state again? At the instant of the big bang was everything in a quantum state? If so, what...

Interesting new work on the link between quantum state vectors are physical states: Can different quantum state vectors correspond to the same physical state? An experimental test Daniel Nigg et al 2016 New J. Phys. 18 013007 Abstract A century after the development of quantum theory, the...

can all quantum state be entangled without any exception even if their phases don't coincide? is the term to call this mixed state entanglement accurate? does it have to do with Fourier addition? this is related to environmental entanglement... when you are shaking hands with another person...

Quick Question. I've recently been told that a pure quantum state is the only state that can be entangled in quantum entanglement and display the results that is predicted with QM. The mixed states would lose their superposition immediately after entanglement. Is this true?

The well-known eigen value expression A(a)=a(a) assuming the operator which represents a physical phenomena acts on a quantum state which is represented by an eigen vector, (a) corresponds to an observed value a. But I am wondering if the same operator A can act on (a) and produce another eigen...

What is a quantum state of a system? I keep hearing it, but I'm not able to fully understand what it means, especially in relation to Bose-Einstein Condensate, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.

I can understand that the state of a particle is not known or even determined until it is viewed. What about a deck of cards that have been thoroughly shuffled and not looked at. Can the top card take on the value of any card before they are looked at or are they set at the time they are...

Hello! If we consider a single-particle system, I understand that the measurement of an observable on this system will collapse the wave function of the system onto an eigenstate of the (observable) operator. Therefore, we know the state of the system immediately after the measurement. But as...

In Griffith books of introduction to QM, it say that Quantum State, mathematically represented as a vector. My problem is with understanding what are the components of such a vector. Do I understand it correctly, that, say, in case of a particle in a box, Quantum State, as a vector is a...