Standard model Definition and 275 Threads

Hi, I would like to discuss some details about the Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) used on 1000BASE-T 802.3ab Gigabitethernet IEEE standard. Is this the right place to do that ? Thanks.

I want to demonstrate that calculating the squared amplitude of the process quark antiquark in lepton antilepton where I consider the non-zero masses of the fermions, is equivalent to considering the zero masses but with infinite insertions of the vev. I am trying to do it, but the pieces I find...

TL;DR Summary: I would like to be involved in the physics community. Hello, my name is Joshua, I am a multidisciplinary artist and i have a big interest in engaging in conversations about theoretical physics to get a better understanding and also to apply into my art. My experience is pretty...

Hey, I have a question regarding the gluons. Is it possible for a non-commutative group/geometry to represent them mathematically ? Replacing the Gell-Mann matrices. I read that the frameworks for gluons /gluonic forces are various, depending on the context.

The E989 experiment at Fermilab recently made a high precision measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon (muon g-2), an observable quantity which can in principal be calculated using the Standard Model for the electron, the muon, and the tau lepton, respectively. The upshot of...

I did some research online and found that "When certain elementary particles move through a magnetic field, they are deflected in a manner that suggests they have the properties of little magnets." To explain this phenomenon, physicists invented the concept of spin. So far so good. What I...

Is the Standard Model overfitted? I hear that the standard model is the most accurate model that we have so far showing accuracy of 13 digits or so. However I am wondering if this accuracy comes from adding so many constants until it fits. First of all the standard model takes in 25 constants...

I've learned that in canonical quantization you take a Lagrangian, transform to a Hamiltonian and then "put the hat on" the fields (make them an operator). Then you can derive the equations of motion of the Hamiltonian. What is the reason that you cannot already put hats in the QFT Lagrangian...

Hello everyone, I know that if two of the quarks (e.g. strange & bottom) had coinciding masses, there would be no CP-violation in the standard model. Apparently the reason lies in the parameters of the CKM-matrix, but I don't understand how to show that. Can someone explain?

If the standard model Lagrangian were generalized into what might be called "core capabilities" what would those capabilities be? For example, there are a lot of varying matrices involved in the standard model Lagrangian and we can generalize all of them as the "core capability" of matrix...

In theory (please correct me if I am wrong in any point), if our vacuum were metastable (i.e. in a "false vacuum" state), it could go through a phase transition into a stable state (a "true vacuum" state). Depending on the properties of the new vacuum, fundamental forces and particles could...

hi, i have studied Standard Model for particle physics - at present it is described by three groups - i have studied - these groups but could not establish what particular feature suggest of these group to be used to describe SM. Thanks

Reference: https://scitechdaily.com/breaking-cosmology-too-many-disk-galaxies-a-significant-discrepancy-between-prediction-and-reality/ The following are quotes from the reference. 1. The Standard Model of Cosmology describes how the universe came into being according to the view of most...

Hi! I'd like to ask you if my calculation of the amplitude on the mentioned process in the Standard Model is correct. The three diagrams contributing at lowest order should be where in the middle one the two Higgs boson are NOT forming a quartic interaction vertex. My attempt at calculating the...

It is often said that one of the drawbacks of the standard model is that it has many free parameters. My question is two-fold: What exactly is a free parameter? My understanding is that the free parameters of a model/theory are the ones that cannot be predicted by the theory and need to be...

I'm trying to understand from this paper https://pdg.lbl.gov/2020/reviews/rpp2020-rev-bbang-nucleosynthesis.pdf What is the value of the baryon to photon ratio ##\eta=n_b/n_\gamma## as named in figure 24.1, but I can't get from the figure or the paper how ##\eta## is of order ##10^{-10}## Any...

I'm trying to understand how the RS model solved the hierarchy problem from this mass relation $$ M^2_p = \frac{M^3}{k} \Large[1- e^{-2k\pi r} \Large],$$ Equ. 16 in their paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9905221 With k as large as the Planck scale, the exponential will be so small and...

Here is the report submitted https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57619755 "UFO report: US finds no explanation for sightings The US government has said it has no explanation for dozens of unidentified flying objects seen by military pilots. A Pentagon report released on Friday says of...

A recurring topic in particle physics, is the possibility of a "desert" above the electroweak scale: no new physics (new particles, new forces) until the grand unification scale or the Planck scale. It's important to remember that the Higgs boson mass was correctly predicted three years in...

Hello! I am taking a course on Electroweak & Strong Interactions (you could equally call it Standard Model I) and I find it absolutely fascinating! 😍 We studied how weak interactions violate parity, introduction to QCD, flavor physics (CKM matrix, CP violation, …) and neutrino physics...

Hi, Several times I encounter the argument that there is a "problem" with the masses in the Standard Model that we try to "understand". From the one side, you have people who ask why the neutrino masses are so small, and from the other side they ask why the top quark mass is so large. The...

I've slowly been writing a thread on octonions and particle physics, just to explain some facts in a self-contained way, with all the proofs. I don't know where this will lead. I'm certainly not presenting a theory of physics, much less advocating one. Mainly it's just fun. Octonions and...

There has been a lot of talk about the value of beauty in theoretical physics. There seems to be a lot of little things that are beautiful because they make sense, according to what we already know, like the discovery of anti-particles, and recently the Higgs. The standard model was revealed...

Title says it all. Maybe it belongs more in Astrophysics but given the title... "Beyond the Standard Model Explanations of GW190521" - - - - https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.01213 If this is for real I'm surprised it's gotten so little attention..? EDIT PS: (for my own convenience mostly) ...

I guess the crux of the question is, where are we more likely to encounter new physics? The standard model already explains almost every experimental result, but not EVERY result. But what are some of the most important results that are either incompatible with the standard model or just...

1. On pg. 343 Griffith's expresses the weak current in terms of left-handed doublets. jμ± = ##\bar χ_L##γμτ±##χ_L## ##χ_L## = ##\begin{pmatrix} ν_e \\ e \end{pmatrix}_L## ##\tau^+## = ##\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}## , ## \tau^- ## = ##\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0...

Summary:: Is there a primarily non-technical book covering all aspects of the Standard Model of particle physics? The Standard Model comes up a lot in YouTube videos. There must be a decent amount of public interest. I think there would be a market for a semi-technical but accessible for the...

Hi. I'm looking for recommendations of books, surveys, or lecture notes, that deal with physics beyond the standard model all in one place. The starting point is someone who already knows QFT and the SM at the level of Schwartz's book on QFT and the SM...

I thought this might be worth a read: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6552/aa5b25/pdf

They seem to have something to do with Z or W particles, maybe, and they have something to do with mediating weak iso spin, I think, and they may be related to the Higgs field. But they don't have a box dedicated to them on the Standard Model of particle physics. Can someone tell me why this is...

This is just a quick alert regarding a paper today https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.03048 Exceptional Unification of Families and Forces Alfredo Aranda, Francisco J. de Anda, Stephen F. King [Submitted on 6 May 2020] This work considers the remarkable suggestion that the three families of quarks and...

Sometimes I hear particle physicists refer to left/right chiral electrons as different particles that are 'mixed' by the mass term. Maybe I misunderstood entirely, but if there is even a handwavy sense in which this is the case, clarifications would be appreciated. In high energy collisions...

Hey there, I was looking at the Higgs sector of the standard model, particularly its coupling to the fermions: ##\mathscr{L}_{ yukawa }=-\sum _{ a,b=1 }^{ 3 }{ \left( { Y }_{ ab }^{ u }{ \bar { Q } }_{ a }{ \hat { \varepsilon } }_{ 2 }{ H }^{ \dagger }{ u }_{ b }+{ Y }_{ ab }^{ d }{ \bar { Q }...

The standard answer: “In GR, only average density matters.” That is what Friedmann’s equations (1) say—mathematically—but he does not derive that conclusion. He starts with it. Friedmann does not start with a messy, real-world model of the universe, one that has fractured into galaxy clusters...

Just a curious question, is there a limit within the standard model on how many fundamental forces there can be? I have some familiarity with particle physics/QFT(not quite mastery obviously otherwise Id probably be able to answer this myself) and the thought popped in my head when reading about...

Hello everyone, I am stuck in the derivation of the three gauge-boson-vertex in Yang-Mills theories. The relevant interaction term in the Lagrangian is$$\mathcal{L}_{YM} \supset g \,f^{ijk}A_{\mu}{}^{(j)} A_{\nu}{}^{(k)} \partial^{\mu} A^{\nu}{}^{(i)} $$ I have rewritten this term using...

I am watching a show about the Standard Model and The Theory of Everything (which of course we do not have right now) and the lecturer mentioned gravity is not part of the Standard Model. Yet other books include it. What is the general consensus? Thanks Bill

Hi, I don't know much about the standard model but I'm asking out of interest. Why do we actually need a Lagrangian for the standard model? Surely when you apply the relevant Euler-Lagrange equations, you end up with a variety of equations like the Maxwell equations or Dirac equations. Why...

Hello everybody! I have a big question about the renormalization: I do not understand why the "renormalization condition" is to impose the tree level result. Now I will explain it better. Let's take, for example, the electron self energy. The tree-level contribution is the simple fermionic...

Hello everybody! I was studying the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam theory and I have found this relation: $$e^{\frac{i\beta}{2}}\,e^{\frac{i\alpha_3}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \\ \end{pmatrix}}\, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 0\\ v \\ \end{pmatrix} =...

The Standard Model Lagrangian contains terms like these: ##-\partial_\mu \phi^+ \partial_\mu\phi^-## ##-\frac{1}{2}\partial_\nu Z^0_\mu\partial_\nu Z^0_\mu## ##-igc_w\partial_\nu Z^0(W^+_\mu W^-_\nu-W^+_\nu W^-_\mu)## How should one interpret the "derivative particle fields" like...

Hi. I'd like to ask what are the differences between Particle Physics, Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model. I see these names of physics courses but I want to confirm if I understand the difference. My understanding is that when students learn particle physics in their undergraduate...

I'm currently doing a course on the Standard Model and I think I've gotten confused on some of the symmetries and resulting currents. Here's my current understanding: Before SSB: Electroweak - U(1) symmetry on fermion spinors and Higgs complex doublet, 1 conserved current Electroweak - SU(2)...

Previously I posted a problem concerning Electron-neutrino scattering, but as I couldn't describe the problem clearly, so I am trying to post the problem using latex codes to present it in the correct way. For a couple of months, I am trying to calculate the invariant amplitude of the Neutrino...

For a couple of months, I am trying to calculate the invariant amplitude of the Neutrino electron scattering in the standard model (SM) approach where I am not considering any kind of approximation and using the SM propagator for W Boson and Z Boson. I tried to do as following, find out the...

There is a proposal for a generalized lattice standard model by Juven Wang and Xiao-Gang Wen. Could this be correct? I've put this under BTSM because it also mentions grand unified models. https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.11171 A Non-Perturbative Definition of the Standard Models Juven Wang...

Just a quick query here: Is the outline of particle physics at the link below right? I have found it very helpful in a general way, but I am only just learning this stuff and don't want to be misled. https://physics.info/standard/concept-map.pdf Thanks!

Is there a simple explanation for fermi-dirac statistics? I can't understand how a particle can "follow" a statistic.

Bosons are described as force carrier particles and, as I understand it, the Higgs mechanism explains why photons are massless, just as all the carriers of the strong nuclear force, the gluons, whereas the weak force bosons have mass. A peculiar type of field is postulated, the ‘Higgs field’. It...

Apparently the Internet hasn't noticed this paper yet: http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.04726 Traversable wormholes in four dimensions Juan Maldacena, Alexey Milekhin, Fedor Popov (Submitted on 12 Jul 2018) We present a wormhole solution in four dimensions. It is a solution of an Einstein Maxwell...