Subspaces Definition and 334 Threads

The Dirichlet problem asks for the solution of Poisson or Laplace equation in an open region ##S## of ##\mathbb R^n## with a condition on the boundary ##\partial_S##. In particular the solution function ##f()## is required to be two-times differentiable in the interior region ##S## and...

Hi, consider the Euclidean space ##\mathbb R^8## and the projection map ##\pi## over the first 4 coordinates, i.e. ##\pi : \mathbb R^8 \rightarrow \mathbb R^4##. I would show that the restriction of ##\pi## to the linear subspace ##A## (endowed with the subspace topology from ##\mathbb R^8##)...

I don't understand the solution: that for (1, ..., 1) the additive inverse is (-1, ..., -1), so the condition is not satisfied (and it is not a subspace). Which condition is not met? Thank you.

Given that one of the ##S_i## (let's name it ##S_{compact}##), is compact. Assume there is an open cover ##\mathcal V## of ##S_{compact}##. By definition of a compact subspace, there is a subcover ##\mathcal U## with ##n<\infty## open sets. Notice that ##\forall x\in (\bigcap_i S_i)##, ##x\in...

My intuition tells me this is a true statements so let's try to prove it. The dimension is defined as the number of elements of a basis. Hence, we can work in terms of basis to prove the statement. Given that ##U_3## appears on both sides of the inequality, let's get a basis for it. How...

Summary:: I want to understand the following theorem and its proof (which can be found in MSE, link below): Let ##V## be a ##n##-dimensional vector space, let ##U_i \subseteq V## be subspaces of ##V## for ##i = 1,2,\dots,r## where $$U_1 \subseteq U_2 \subseteq \dots \subseteq U_r$$ If ##r>n+1##...

Show that ##U = span \{ (1, 2, 3), (-1, 2, 9)\}## and ##W = \{ (x, y, z) \in \Bbb R^3 | z-3y +3x = 0\}## are equal. I have the following strategy in mind: determine the dimension of subspaces ##U## and ##W## separately and then make use of the fact ##dim U = dim W \iff U=W##. For ##U## I would...

Homework Statement:: I want to understand the proof for the following theorem: span(S) is the intersection of all subspaces of V containing S. Relevant Equations:: N/A I know that if ##W## is any subspace of ##V## containing ##S## then ##\text{span}(S) \subseteq W##. I have read (Page 157: #...

##| V_1 \rangle \in \mathbb{V}^{n_1}_1## and there is an orthonormal basis in ##\mathbb{V}^{n_1}_1##: ##|u_1\rangle, |u_2\rangle ... |u_{n_1}\rangle## ##| V_2 \rangle \in \mathbb{V}^{n_2}_2## and there is an orthonormal basis in ##\mathbb{V}^{n_2}_2##: ##|w_1\rangle, |w_2\rangle ...

Hey! :giggle: Let $V$ be a $\mathbb{R}$-vector space, let $x,y\in V$ and let $U,W\leq_{\mathbb{R}}V$ be subspaces of $V$. Show that : (a) If $(x+U)\cap (y+W)\neq \emptyset$ and $z\in (x+U)\cap (y+W)$ then $(x+U)\cap (y+W)=z+(U\cap W)$. (b) The following statements are equivalent: (i) $U=W$ and...

Summary:: Properties of subspaces and verifying examples Hi, My textbook gives some examples relating to subspaces but I am having trouble intuiting them. Could someone please help me understand the five points they are attempting to convey here (see screenshot).

When orthogonal states of a quantum system is projected into subspaces A and B are A and B real spaces?

One proposal that I have read (but cannot re-find the source, sorry) was to identify a truth value for a proposition (event) with the collection of closed subspaces in which the event had a probability of 1. But as I understand it, a Hilbert space is a framework which, unless trivial, keeps...

I am looking at the representation of D4 in ℝ4 consisting of the eight 4 x 4 matrices acting on the 4 vertices of the square a ≡ 1, b ≡ 2, c ≡ 3 and d ≡ 4. I have proven that the 1-dimensional subspace of D4 in ℝ2 has no proper invariant subspaces and therefore is reducible. I did this in 2...

Hey! :o We have the subsets \begin{equation*}V:=\left \{\begin{pmatrix}x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3\end{pmatrix}\mid x_1=0\right \}, \ \ \ W:=\left \{\begin{pmatrix}x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3\end{pmatrix}\mid x_2=2\right \}, \ \ \ S:=\left \{\lambda \begin{pmatrix}1 \\ 0 \\ -1\end{pmatrix}\mid \lambda \in...

Hey! :o I want to find subsets $S$ of $\mathbb{R}^2$ such that $S$ satisfies all but one axioms of subspaces. A subset that doesn't satisfy the first axiom: We have to find a subset that doesn't contain the zero vector. Is this for example $\left \{\begin{pmatrix}x \\ y\end{pmatrix} ...

Hey! :o We have the following subsets: \begin{align*}&U_1:=\left \{\begin{pmatrix}x \\ y\end{pmatrix} \mid x^2+y^2\leq 4\right \} \subseteq \mathbb{R}^2\\ &U_2:=\left \{\begin{pmatrix}2a \\ -a\end{pmatrix} \mid a\in \mathbb{R}\right \} \subseteq \mathbb{R}^2 \\ &U_3:=\left \{\begin{pmatrix}x...

If one shows that ##U\cap V=\{\textbf{0}\}##, which is easily shown, would that also imply ##\mathbf{R}^3=U \bigoplus V##? Or does one need to show that ##\mathbf{R}^3=U+V##? If yes, how? By defining say ##x_1'=x_1+t,x_2'=x_2+t,x_3'=x_3+2t## and hence any ##\textbf{x}=(x_1',x_2',x_3') \in...

In "Sheldon Axler's Linear Algebra Done Right, 3rd edition", on page 21 "internal direct sum", or direct sum as the author uses, is defined as such: Following that there is a statement, titled "Condition for a direct sum" on page 23, that specifies the condition for a sum of subspaces to be...

I am reading Andrew McInerney's book: First Steps in Differential Geometry: Riemannian, Contact, Symplectic ... and I am focused on Chapter 3: Advanced Calculus ... and in particular on Section 3.3: Geometric Sets and Subspaces of ##T_p ( \mathbb{R}^n )## ... ... I need help with...

Without providing further context, is it possible to give meaning to the construction of "nested linear subspaces"? e.g. in $\mathbb{R}^n$ the tangent space at a point $T \mathbb{R}^n = \mathbb{R}^n_x = V_0 \subset V_1 \subset ... \subset V_k $ is the same as saying that the tangent space can...

I am reading Andrew McInerney's book: First Steps in Differential Geometry: Riemannian, Contact, Symplectic ... and I am focused on Chapter 3: Advanced Calculus ... and in particular on Section 3.3: Geometric Sets and Subspaces of ##T_p ( \mathbb{R}^n )## ... ... I need help with an aspect...

Homework Statement Let W be a subspace of a vector space V, let y be in V and define the set y + W = \{x \in V | x = y +w, \text{for some } w \in W\} Show that y + W is a subspace of V iff y \in W. Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution Let W be a subspace of a vector space V, let y...

Dear all, I am trying to find if these two sets are vector subspaces of R^3. \[V=\left \{ (x,y,z)\in R^{3}|(x-y)^{2}+z^{2}=0 \right \}\] \[W=\left \{ (x,y,z)\in R^{3}|(x+1)^{2}=x^{2}+1 \right \}\] In both cases the zero vector is in the set, therefore I just need to prove closure to addition...

Homework Statement This is the exact phrasing form Linear Algebra Done Right by Axler: Prove that the union of three subspaces of V is a subspace of V if and only if one of the subspaces contains the other two. [This exercise is surprisingly harder than the previous exercise, possibly because...

Just started working through "Linear Algebra Done Right". There is something I don't understand. Given b ∈ F, then {(x1,x2,x3,x4) ∈ F4 : x3 = 5x4 + b} is a subspace of F4 *if and only if* b=0 I just flat out don't understand why b has to be 0 or even what is the point of bringing this up...

Homework Statement Suppose that ## \mathbb {V}_1^{n_1} ## and ## \mathbb {V}_2^{n_2} ## are two subspaces such that any element of ## \mathbb {V}_1^{n_1} ## is orthogonal to any element of ## \mathbb {V}_2^{n_2} ## . Show that dimensionality of ## \mathbb {V}_1^{n_1} + \mathbb {V}_2^{n_2}...

⇒Homework Statement [/B] Calculate ##S + T## and determine if the sum is direct for the following subspaces of ##\mathbf R^3## a) ## S = \{(x,y,z) \in \mathbf R^3 : x =z\}## ## T = \{(x,y,z) \in R^3 : z = 0\}## b) ## S = \{(x,y,z) \in \mathbf R^3 : x = y\}## ## T = \{(x,y,z) \in \mathbf R^3 ...

Homework Statement Let ##V## be the vector space of the sequences which take real values. Prove whether or not the following subsets ##W \in V## are subspaces of ##(V, +, \cdot)## a) ## W = \{(a_n) \in V : \sum_{n=1}^\infty |a_n| < \infty\} ## b) ## W = \{(a_n) \in V : \lim_{n\to \infty} a_n...

Homework Statement [/B] Which of the following sets are subspaces of ##R[x]?## ##W_1 = {f \in \mathbf R[x] : f(0) = 0}## ##W_2 = {f \in \mathbf R[x] : 2f(0) = f(1)}## ##W_3 = {f \in \mathbf R[x] : f(t) = f(1-t) \forall t \in \mathbf R}## ##W_4 = {f \in \mathbf R[x] : f = \sum_{i=0}^n...

Homework Statement Let V = RR be the vector space of the pointwise functions from R to R. Determine whether or not the following subsets W contained in V are subspaces of V. Homework Equations W = {f ∈ V : f(1) = 1} W = {f ∈ V: f(1) = 0} W = {f ∈ V : ∃f ''(0)} W = {f ∈ V: ∃f ''(x) ∀x ∈ R} The...

Homework Statement I don't want to clog up the forums with a few "small" problems so I am lumping them together here. 2. Let ##T:P^1 → R \text { be given by } T(p(x)) = \int^b_a p(x)dx##. Describe Ker(T) using set notation. 3. Let ##H = \left\{f ∈ C[a, b] | f'(x) ≥ 0 ~\text for...

Does it make sense to say that a set together with a field generates a vector space? I came across this question after starting the thread https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/determine-vector-subspace.941424/ To be more specific, suppose we have a set consisting of two elements ##A = \{x^2, x...

Homework Statement Show that S ⊆ T, where S and T are both subsets of R^3. Homework Equations S = {(1, 2, 1), (1, 1, 2)}, T ={(x,y,3x−y): x,y∈R} The Attempt at a Solution I considered finding if S is a spanning set for T but I'm aware that this is perhaps not relevant. If I find {α(1, 2, 1)...

Homework Statement Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution So for a subspace 2 criteria have to be met: its closed under addition, and scalar multiplication. Now I have the question "Which of the following subsets of R3 are subspaces? The set of all vectors of the form (a,b,c) where a,b...

Hey, I am struggling with developing an intuition behind 'Affine Subspaces'. So far I have read the theories concerning Affine Subspaces delivered by the course book and visited several websites, however none have made it 100% clear. I feel like I have some sort of intuition for it, but I fail...

Let V be a vector space. If U 1 and U2 are subspaces of V s.t. U1+U2 = V and U1 and U1∩U2 = {0V}, then we say that V is the internal direct sum of U1 and U2. In this case we write V = U1⊕U2. Show that V is internal direct sum of U1 and U2if and only if every vector in V may be written uniquely...

Homework Statement Determine if the following is a subspace of ##P_3##. All polynomials ##a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+a_3x^3## for which ##a_0+a_1+a_2+a_3=0## Homework Equations use closure of addition and scalar multiplication The Attempt at a Solution Let ##P=a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+a_3x^3## and...

Are Everett branches (or relative states) the eigenstates or the Hilbert subspaces (or others?)? Once in a branch (or world), what law of QM would be broken if you can cut off the branch you are sitting on and revert back to the global state vector (isn't the quantum eraser, etc. about...

Homework Statement Let ##A## and ##B## be square matrices, such that ##AB = \alpha BA##. Investigate, with which value of ##\alpha \in \mathbb{R}## the subspace ##N(B)## is ##A##-invariant. Homework Equations If ##S## is a subspace and ##A \in \mathbb{C}^{n \times n}##, we define multiplying...

Homework Statement ##W_1 = \{(a_1, a_2, a_3) \in \mathbb{R}^3 : a_1 = 3a_3,~ a_3 = -a_2 \}## ##W_2 = \{(a_1, a_2, a_3) \in \mathbb{R}^3 : 2a_1 - 7a_2 + a_3 = 0 \}## Given that these are two subspaces of ##\mathbb{R}^3##, describe the intersection of the two, i.e. ##W_1 \cap W_2## and show that...

Homework Statement Prove the the union of three subspaces is a subspace if one of the subspaces contains the others Homework Equations A subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace if : 1) ##0 \in W ##. 2) if ##U_1## and ##U_2## are in ##W##, then ##U_1 + U_2 \in W##, 3) if ##\alpha ##...

Homework Statement I have this exercise that tells me to determine a base and the dimension of the subspaces of ##\mathbb {R}^4##, ##U \cap Ker(f)## and ##U + Ker(f)##, knowing that: ##U = <\begin{pmatrix} -10 \\ 11 \\ 2 \\ 9 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}...

For the brief explanation: $\mathcal{P}$ contains $0$ by choice $p(x) = 0$ and polynomial plus a polynomial is a polynomial, and a scalar times a polynomial is a polynomial. So $\mathcal{P}$ is a non-empty subset of $\mathcal{C}^{\infty}$ that's closed under addition and scalar multiplication...

Suppose we have an observable with a certain number of eigenstates. We would normalize all these possibilities to 1 in order to give each eigenstate an appropriate probability of being measured. Can we then only consider the data of many measurements for only a subset of those eigenstates and...

Homework Statement The question asks to show whether the following are sub-spaces of R^3. Here is the first problem. I want to make sure I'm on the right track. Problem: Show that W = {(x,y,z) : x,y,z ∈ ℝ; x = y + z} is a subspace of R^3. Homework Equations None The Attempt at a Solution...

Homework Statement Let U is the set of all polynomials u on field \mathbb F such that u(3)=u(-2)=0. Check if U is the subspace of the set of all polynomials P(x) on \mathbb F and if it is, determine the set W such that P(x)=U\oplus W. Homework Equations -Polynomial vector spaces -Subspaces...

Homework Statement Prove that \dim L(\mathbb F)+\dim Ker L=\dim(\mathbb F+Ker L) for every subspace \mathbb{F} and every linear transformation L of a vector space V of a finite dimension. Homework Equations -Fundamental subspaces -Vector spaces The Attempt at a Solution Theorem: [/B]If...

I am reading Andrew McInerney's book: First Steps in Differential Geometry: Riemannian, Contact, Symplectic ... I am currently focussed on Chapter 3: Advanced Calculus ... and in particular I am studying Section 3.3 Geometric Sets and Subspaces of T_p ( \mathbb{R}^n ) ... I need help with a...

Homework Statement Given the linear transformations f : R 3 → R 2 , f(x, y, z) = (2x − y, 2y + z), g : R 2 → R 3 , g(u, v) = (u, u + v, u − v), find the matrix associated to f◦g and g◦f with respect to the standard basis. Find rank(f ◦g) and rank(g ◦ f), is one of the two compositions an...