Thermodyamics Definition and 269 Threads

The total variation of internal energy states ##\Delta U_{tot} = 0## ##\Delta U_{tot} = \Delta U_{ext} + \Delta U_{gas} + \Delta U_{obj}## with: ##\Delta U_{ext} = Q_{ext} - W_{ext} = -W_{ext}## ##\Delta U_{gas} = Q_{gas} - W_{gas} = Q_{gas} - ( - W_{ext} ) = Q_{gas} + W_{ext}## ##\Delta U_{obj}...

I was going through the textbook Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics by Herbert B. Callen, and in Chapter 2.4 of the book, the author proves that given two subsystems separated by an impermeable and immovable wall which only allows for the transfer of heat, the temperature of...

The question says to "neglect the change of volume of the water". This confuses me. Why do we neglect the change of the water's volume? Let's say we didn't. A = Q/It, where A is area, Q is heat, I is intensity, t is time. Q = mc(deltatheta), mass is constant, specific heat is constant (as mass...

I am trying to reproduce the results from this paper where they find out the expression for the Landau functional to be $$\psi(x,t,p)=\frac{1}{4}(\frac{1}{x}+6x+px^3-4tx^2)$$ We plot the Landau functional v/s the order parameter($x$) at $p=0.5$ and obtain the Figure 4. from the paper as Now...

In the far future there will be most likely a point where a maximal state of entropy will be reached in the universe and after the last black hole evaporates there could be no more structures and no more work could be done. According to the Poincaré recurrence theorem for a closed universe...

Hey everyone, I have an attempt at fully solving this problem (my final pressure is ##p_f = 5373,64 hPa##, final temp. is ##T_f = 303,15K = 30C##), but this exercise confuses me very much. First, I have not used the masses in my calculations and I'm pretty sure my prof. accidentally copypasted...

I was unable show that ##PV^k## must indeed equal some function of the entropy, ##g(S)##; maybe doing so would make things easier? I proceeded as below. If we assume (as is almost surely intended by Callen) that in the given adiabatic (##d Q = 0##) process we are taking ##N## as constant and...

But if I would assume that the efficiency of the carnot's engine is greater than the other engine and the carnot engine is driving the other engine backward as a refrigerator ,that would lead to the same contradiction hence disproving carbot's theorem! Is there something wrong I have done...

I was thinking the other day about green houses and how they would act in space or on another planet without an atmosphere. I know that green houses work on Earth by stopping convection but could they theoretically trap heat in a non atmospheric environment? I am imagining a material that allows...

There is an article written by astrophysicist Edward Harrison [1] which defends that energy could be extracted from attaching an imaginary cosmologically long string to a receding object from us in an expanding universe. He says that the energy extracted is potentially limited (in decelerating...

If the Universe could somehow reach a state of infinite entropy (or at least a state of extremely high entropy), would all fundamental symmetries of the physical laws (gauge symmetries, Lorentz symmetry, CPT symmetry, symmetries linked to conservation principles...etc) fail to hold or be...

Hi, reading the interesting Reversible vs Irreversible Gas Compression and Expansion Work insight by @Chestermiller I would like to ask for clarification on some points. In the second bullet at the beginning my understanding is as follows: consider an ideal gas contained in a cylinder...

For my internship I have to test and certify a Marine diesel engine. We are trying to run a few tests in our workshop, but this obviously means we can't use the sea or a river as cooling. We bought an IBC tank, which can hold a 1000 liters of water. The water from the tank will be running...

Hey guys! I'm currently struggling with a specific thermodynamics problem. I'm given the entropy of a system (where ##A## is a constant with fitting physical units): $$S(U,V,N)=A(UVN)^{1/3}$$I'm asked to calculate the specific heat capacity at constant pressure ##C_p## and at constant volume...

I've calculated the change in the entropy of material after it comes in contact with the reservoir: $$\Delta S_1 = C \int_{T_i+t\Delta T}^{T_i+(t+1)\Delta T} \frac{dT}{T} = C \ln{\frac{T_i+(t+1)\Delta T}{T_i+t\Delta T}}$$ Now I would like to calculate the change in the entropy of the...

We know that $$dU=\delta Q + \delta W$$ $$dU = TdS - pdV$$ So from this: $$dS = \frac{1}{T}dU + \frac{1}{T}pdV \ (*)$$ For an ideal gas: $$dU = \frac{3}{2}nkdT$$ Plugging that into (*) and also from ##p=\frac{nRT}{V}## we get: $$S = \frac{3}{2}nk \int^{T_2}_{T_1} \frac{1}{T}dT +...

I know that the Sun is at a very far distance from the lens, so I assume the rays are parallel and the image is formed at the focus (500mm away from the centre of the lens). How do I calculate the diameter of the image? The hint to solving this problem says that "The angular diameters of...

i can't manage to grasp the concept of PV work in thermodynamics, for example we all know that W= integral(F*dx) like here but this says that, at the end, W doesn't really depend on the gas temperature or reversible process crap at the end W is simply a constant, atmospheric pressure is...

I've made it through the first 2 parts, it's just that part C has me stumped. I don't know how to manipulate the information I already know to figure out the total work energy required by the compressor, ##W_{compressor}##, during the process.

Are there any known instances of heat transfer via conduction or convection happening at relativistic speeds? Is this even possible or is there a non-relativistic limit to how fast heat can transfer in these ways, like how sound can only move so fast?

Consider two 1 square meter marble slabs each of mass 1 kg floating in space facing the sun such that light from the sun incident perpendicularly on the flat faces. At equilibrium, power received from the sun 'PS' equals the power being lost in the form of radiation 'PR'. PS = PR (at...

Wikipedia says, Unlike a free expansion , in Joule Thomson expansion work is done causing the change in internal energy. Whether the internal energy increases or decreases is determined by whether work is done on or by the fluid; that is determined by the initial and final states of the...

First i calculated the latent heat of vaporation: h_vap(15°C)= 2465.4 kJ/kg In the next step i calculated how much water is already in the air: x=0.622*j*ps/(p-j*ps)=0.00988 kg/kg where: j=50% ps=0.03171 bar p=1.01325 bar Now that i know that i can calculate the enthalpy of humid air: h_hum =...

In this particular Question according to Meyer's formula,the value of Cp should be (8.314+5) i.e. 13.314 .But that option is missing. There is another approach to this problem by finding the Adiabatic Coefficient and then finding Cp.I have no problem with that approach. But my initial doubt...

Cannot figure out where to start, apart from maybe something to do with specific heat capacity of water?

I read an example where if I go from initial to final state extremely fast (gas inside a piston cylinder assembly) , the gas inside it will be very unhappy, its not going to stay in equilibrium, parts of the system are going to be at different pressure and parts of it at something other...

1. Adiabatic compression (When compressed quickly, there is no heat flow to the environment Q=0) Isochoric with heat loss (The syringe is still compressed, there should be no change in volume) Adiabatic expansion (When the syringe is released, there is work done only) Isochoric with heat gain...

Disclaimer: I am not a mathematician, I am a physicist. The thermodynamic identity is usually expressed in the following differential form $$ dU = TdS - PdV + \mu dN, $$ where U , T , S , P , V , \mu and N are the internal energy, temperature, entropy, pressure, volume, chemical...

Attempt at a Solution: Heat Absorbed By The System By the first law of thermodynamics, dU = dQ + dW The system is of fixed volume and therefore mechanically isolated. dW = 0 Therefore dQ = dU The change of energy of the system equals the change of energy of the gas plus the change of energy...

Hello, I am a Mechanical Engineer a little out of practice on Heat transfer. I am trying to solve this problem. It must be solvable but i have yet to find right equations online. I have a multi Layer Cylinder made up of C350 marraging Steel,Zinc Alloy-12 , then 6061 Aluminum T6. All that is...

Summary:: In need of help determining the exhaust velocity of a rocket nozzle given temperature and propellant molar mass Greetings and salutations! My name is Robert DeVries, world builder extraordinaire. I have come with questions in search of answers. So for the last few days I've been...

Since the assignment asks the work done by the gas, that should be equal to P1*(V2-V1) aka the area under the P1 line. Do I have to subtract the work done to the system or is this the solution already? If so, why do I need P2?

iam not getting why in bose statistics the number of ways to arrange ni particles in gi degenerate states is = (gi+ni-1) ? and why do we divide by ni factorial , and gi factorial .

*Here, no mention of these reservoirs being a gas, so I'm not sure if I can use the PV=nRT or the P*V^(gamma)=K equation. SO I am left with only the 1st law. If I can write dQ1( going out from object 1)= Cp (indep of T)*(Tf-T1) dQ2(coming into the object 2)= Cp*(T2-Tf)...

Hi, I was reading a newspaper article on the energy efficiency of commonly used air conditioners in homes. Then a doubt arose when the article informed me that there are air conditioners that have an energy efficiency of 10 BTU/watt. That means a classic 10,000 BTU/h air conditioning machine...

As a start for discussion I'd like to make the following bold claim: Both the problems of enough usable energy and global warming can be resolved by implementing Maxwell's demon on a large scale. To justify this bold statement somewhat, I'd like to point to a (relatively) recent...

Heat is taken from food in the refrigerated space to the evaporator which has evaporated (I am assuming saturated vapor) refrigerant flowing through it. My first stumble would be, if this is true, why doesn't the temperature increase for the fluid coming out of the evaporator (unless it is...

Hi there, I'm trying to design an ion beam source, but having some issues with the thermodynamics of it. I'm no expert in thermodynamics, but I do understand some. I'm trying to find an equation which I can use to find the amount of energy I need to put into a set mass of a set material in order...

So, I converted the V (milk) to m3 and found 1.8E-4 m3 and i already know the density so i found the mass of the milk in the bottle. Mmilk= 1.9E-7 kg Normally i would try to connect it with the formulas above but i don't know temperature. I am not sure how i can connect the dots. Can...

For a throttling valve C.V analysis, I am wondering why is it known that temperature remains the same for ideal gases. I understand that using the energy balance equation, I end up with h1=h2. Pretty simple so far. By breaking down enthalpy into its components u1+P1v1 = u2+P2v2 I realized that...

let's assume I have 2 systems A and B. the surface that describes when the 2 systems are in equilibrium is given by F(a1,a1,...,b1,b2,...) = 0. assuming we can write this surface as A(a1,a2,..)=B(b1,b2,...) why do A and B describes the temperature function of the systems? in class, we...

Hi,I am designing a compressed air engine for a project. A little stuck with calculations. I need to work out how long the engine will run at its top speed using a air pressure which is supplied from a compressed air tank.Compressed air pushed down a piston which is connected to a camshaft. As...

What is the difference between the two? Also, as another question, for enthalpy, is it correct to define it to be the sum of internal energy and flow energy or is there another understanding for it? Thanks in advance

So, I am casually sifting through a chapter in a thermodynamics textbook talking about the multiphase process that pure substances go through. I understand how the P-v and T-v diagram works and that out of the three properties (specific volume, temperature and pressure), two of them are...

Does temperature increase when water is boiling at 100C in a closed system? I am picturing a scenario where I am boiling water in a pot to make pasta. However, I decide to close the pot as the water is still boiling. By doing this I am sealing away the system of study from the environment. Thus...

I'm new to thermodynamics and after some reading I tried to solve the problem below but I have stuck (I think this problem assumes you know only the first law of thermodynamics) You have a piston resting on some stops inside a container filled with water and you want to find out after heating...

Homework Statement Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution Since we want the fluid to be in liquid state before entering a boiler, and super-heated water can only reach 374°C before entering super-critical state, suppose after the expansion, the temperature at point 3 is still higher than...

Are all arrows of time special cases of the thermodynamic one? The arrows of time I am referring to are the psychological arrow of time and the cosmological arrow of time. Thanks.

Homework Statement After a free expansion to quadruple its volume, a mole of ideal diatomic gas is compressed back to its original volume isobarically and then cooled down to its original temperature. What is the minimum heat removed from the gas in the final step to restoring its state...

Homework Statement An insulated beaker with negligible mass contains a mass of 0.350 kg of water at a temperature of 76.5 °C. How many kilograms of ice at a temperature of − 23.9 ∘C must be dropped in the water to make the final temperature of the system 40.0 ∘C? Take the specific heat for...