Thermodynamics first law Definition and 36 Threads

The following is what is written in the book I am reading. The energy required to "push" the mass into the system is $$F\delta z=PA\delta z=PV\tag{1}$$ in which ##V## is the molar volume of the closed system, ##F## is the acting force, ##A## is the cross-sectional area, and ##\delta z## is...

Consider a hydrostatic system in the form of an ideal gas in a container with a movable piston. First let's consider an irreversible isothermal expansion from state a to state b as depicted below We are given ##P_1, V_1, T_a##, and ##P_2##. We can easily compute ##V_2## from the ideal gas...

We start at state 1 and end at state 2. We are given the information that $$P_1=1\ \text{bar}$$ $$T_1=300\text{K}$$ $$P_2=0.5\ \text{bar}$$ From the ideal gas law, we can obtain ##V_1##. $$V_1=\frac{nRT_1}{P_1}$$ $$=2494.2\cdot 10^{-5}\mathrm{m^3}$$ My first question arises here. The...

Consider an ideal gas undergoing an adiabatic process. The first law says that $$dU=\delta Q+\delta w=\delta w=-PdV$$ since ##\delta Q=0## for an adiabatic process. ##U## is a function of any two of ##P,V##, and ##T##. Consider ##U_1=U_1(T,V)## and ##U_2=U_2(T,P)##. For an ideal gas we...

Hi, as follow up to this thread I believe for any substance/thermodynamic system there exists actually a set of 3 state equations between the 5 variables ##(U,T,S,p,V)##. For example in the case of ideal gas which are the 3 equations ? Thanks.

TL;DR Summary: Struggling to structure the problem and derive an analytical solution for gas expanding into other gas in a rigid tank. Preferred formulation is fixed control volumes. This is not a homework problem. The problem: Two control volumes (A and B) are in a rigid tank filled with air...

Hello everyone, since several weeks, no response from the other forums, I tried to compute a simple model for a greenhouse in a garden. First idea was to compute mass transfer, Navier-Stokes and heat equation all together but in my knowledge no analytical solution exists.I need to build a simple...

(a) We first find that: ##T_A=\frac{P_A V_A}{nR}=\frac{1\cdot 10^5 \cdot 4}{40\cdot 8.314}K\approx 1202.7904 K##, ##\frac{T_B}{T_A}=\frac{\frac{P_B V_B}{nR}}{\frac{P_A V_A}{nR}}=\frac{P_B V_B}{P_A V_A}=\frac{P_A \frac{V_A}{2}}{P_A V_A}=\frac{1}{2}##, ##\frac{T_C}{T_B}=\frac{P_C...

For the first part, I have expressed it in the following differential form- dU= delta (Q) + BdM Now for the second part I am having major confusion. I know that B corresponds to P and M corresponds to V as generalised force and generalised displacement respectively for a Paramagnetic substance...

So I calculated the final and initial pressures using the given eqns, ended up with the final pressure of 96629 and initial pressure of 62639. Then I used the PV=nRT eqn to calculate the final and initial temperatures. T=P*V/(n*1.5*R). I got an initial temperature of 81.79 and a final...

In this problem, the method used to solve the question is to equate pdV with change in internal energy. This implies an adiabatic process as Q = 0? (not sure about this claim) However, why is it not correct to simply apply the PV^ϒ = constant formula? Thank you.

I am looking for help on the following: a) Given the system shown in the figure below, derive the steady flow energy equation from first principle. b) Again using first principles, show how the energy equation would change for the case when the system is unsteady. I am trying to learn this...

Why is energy balance for a control volume dE/dt = dQ/dt-dW/dt-dm/dt(ΔH+ΔKE+ΔPE) 0 = dQ/dt-dW/dt-dm/dt(ΔH+ΔKE+ΔPE) whereas for other systems it is ΔE =Q-W-(ΔU+ΔKE+ΔPE) 0 = Q-W-(ΔU+ΔKE+ΔPE) with enthalpy, h = u +pv, replaced by only the internal energy? How is the pv term accounted for...

We know from first law of thermodynamics for a closed system that ##dE##=##\delta Q## -##\delta W## , my question is that for a closed adiabatic system net heat transfer =0 this mean net change in energy = work done , does that mean for an adiabatic system work done is a point function as...

Precursor : Sign conventions regarding Work by the system/on the system may even vary among Physics textbooks and among Chemistry textbooks and as a rule of thumb it is better to clearly mark out the convention used by the text being referred to specifically and remain consistent with it...

Homework Statement A monoatomic ideal gas undergoes a linear process whose equation is given by P/po+V/vo=1. find the volume when the process turns from an exothermic to an endothermic one. P-Pressure V-volume Po= pressure when volume is nearly 0 and Vo is the volume when pressure is...

When an ideal gas,in a piston kind of system and whose equilibrium state is mentioned, is allowed to expand (piston is allowed to move and not gas leaking )against a constant external pressure very quickly, then, is the work done by gas zero or not zero ? The argument for work being zero is...

1. Consider a balloon which has thick rigid walls and from which all the air has been pumped out. Now, the valve of the balloon is slightly opened, and the balloon is slowly filled with the air from outside. Find the temperature of the air inside the balloon once the air flow has stopped (since...

Homework Statement 12kg of a fluid per minute goes through a reversible steady flow process. The properties of fluid at the inlet are p1 = 1.4bar, ρ1 = 25kg/m3, C1= 120m/s and u1= 920kJ/kg and at the exit are p2= 5.6bar, ρ 2= 5 kg/m3, C2= 180m/s and u2 Homework Equations u1 + P1V1 + (C1)2/2 +...

I know that dS=dQ/T for reversible process, is dU=TdS-PdV for reversible process only?

So, I have noticed that when people are crowded in small rooms, it feels hot. In fact, everyone in the crowd feels hot and starts sweating. I am wondering about the origin of all this heat. I do know that by first law of thermodynamics, if two people touch each other and if one of them feels...

We know that for an ideal gas the differential of the internal energy function is: dU = n Cv dT But is Cv the molar heat capacity or not?

< Mentor Note -- thread moved to HH from the technical physics forums, so no HH Template is shown > Hey, For our project we have to think of an experiment that can kind of simulate a rocket. We decided to use a fire extinguisher on a kart, since its mass constantly changes (same with a rocket)...

Homework Statement A spring (k = 500 N/m) supports a 400 g mass which is immersed in 900 g of water. The specific heat of the mass is 450 J/kg and of water is 4184 J/kg. The spring is now stretched 15 cm and, after thermal equilibrium is reached, the mass is released so it vibrates up and...

Homework Statement By applying the first law to a quasi static process, show that the entropy can be expressed as S = (16σ/3c) VT3 Homework Equations U = 4(σ/c) VT4 PV = 1/3 U[/B]The Attempt at a Solution I know I should be using dS = dQ/T but it's unclear to me how to use this unless I...

Homework Statement A cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston contains 5.0×10-4m3 of an ideal gas at a pressure of 1.0×105 Pa and temperature of 300K. The gas is then (i) heated at constant pressure to 450K, and then (ii) cooled at constant volume to the original temperature of 300K. The...

Homework Statement 55. Solid A, with mass M, is at its melting point TA. It is placed in thermal contact with solid B, with heat capacity CB and initially at temperature TB (TB > TA). The combination is thermally isolated. A has latent heat of fusion L and when it has melted has heat capacity...

Homework Statement We have 0.0008 Kmol of an ideal gas are expanded from V1 to V2 v2=3V1 process is reversible and T/V=Constant if the work obtained by this expansion is 9.4 KJ find the initial temperature R=8.314 KJ Kmol-1 Homework Equations PV=nRT possibly T/V = T/V The Attempt at a...

Homework Statement An amount of water substance having a mass of 1 kg is contained in a vessel at a pressure of 1 MPa. It is heated for some time after which the pressure is 3 MPa. The volume of the vessel is 0.1 m3. Assuming no work is done by or to the substance, calculate the final...

Homework Statement Can someone help me confirm if I answered correctly please? a) A sample of gas is enclosed in a cylinder by a piston. The cylinder is given 225J of energy which expands and pushes the piston 16cm outwards against an atmospheric pressure of 1.01x105Pa. i) give the equation...

Homework Statement In an adiabatic steam nozzle,steam is expanded from 10 bar and 473k to an exit pressure of 5 bar.nozzle has an isentropic efficiency of 90%.neglect kinetic energy at the inlet.assuming equilibrium condition at exit,find the velocity of nozzle at exit? given data : i)at nozzle...

1) A rigid walled tank 5m3 contains helium at 10 bar. The cylinder is heated from 10 °C to 50 ° C. What is the work done during the heating cycle.

Homework Statement Consider a rock having a mass of 5 kg and a bucket containing 50 kg of liquid water. Initially, the stone is 20 m above the water, and the stone and the water are at the same temperature, T1 (state 1). The stone then falls into the water. For the system stone + water...

Homework Statement Consider a system consisting of 2.0 mol CO2 (assumed to be a perfect gas) at 298K confined to a cylinder of cross-section 10cm^2 at 10 atm. The gas is allowed to expand adiabatically and reversibly against a constant pressure of 1 atm. Calculate W, Q, ΔU, ΔH, and ΔT when the...

one mole of monatomic gas (in a perfectly insulated cylinder) has temp = 27 degees c = 300K volume = 0.025m^3 (gas held in frictionless piston) heat suppied causes gas to expand at constant pressure gas expands to volume = 0.06m^3 i) calc final temp.. i used pV/T =pV/T (p cancels...