Can a Function Belong to L^1 and have a Maximal Function in L^1?

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    2016
In summary, L^1 is a function space consisting of measurable functions with finite integrals. A function can belong to L^1 and have a maximal function in L^1, where the maximal function is closely related to its integral. This allows for the study of a function's behavior, oscillation, and regularity. Such functions have applications in areas such as harmonic analysis, signal processing, image processing, and partial differential equations.
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Euge
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Here is this week's POTW:

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Let $f : \Bbb R^n \to \Bbb R$ be a function such that $f$ and its maximal function $\mathcal{M}f$ belong to $\mathcal{L}^1(\Bbb R^n)$. Show that $f(x) = 0$ for almost every $x\in \Bbb R^n$.-----

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This week's problem was correctly solved by Opalg. You can read his solution below.
If $f$ is not almost everywhere zero then there exist $r, \varepsilon > 0$ such that \(\displaystyle \int_{B(0,r)}|f(y)|\,dy > \varepsilon.\) For $x \in\Bbb{R}^n,$ $B(0,r) \subseteq B(x,|x|+r).$ It follows that \(\displaystyle \int_{B(x,|x|+r)}|f(y)|\,dy > \varepsilon\) and therefore $$(\mathcal{M}f)(x) \geqslant \frac1{V(|x|+r)}\int_{B(x,|x|+r)}|f(y)|\,dy > \frac{\varepsilon}{V(|x|+r)}.$$ But \(\displaystyle \lim_{|x|\to\infty}\frac{V(|x|+r)}{V(|x|)} = 1,\) and $V(|x|)$ is a constant times $|x|^n$. So whenever $|x|$ is sufficiently large, $(\mathcal{M}f)(x) \geqslant C|x|^{-n}$ for some positive constant $C$. But $|x|^{-n}$ is not an $L^1$-function as $|x|\to\infty,$ and hence neither is $\mathcal{M}f.$

In conclusion, if $\mathcal{M}f$ is an $L^1$-function then $f$ must be almost everywhere zero.
 

FAQ: Can a Function Belong to L^1 and have a Maximal Function in L^1?

What is L^1 and what does it mean for a function to belong to it?

L^1 is a function space that consists of all measurable functions for which the absolute value of the function's integral is finite. In other words, a function belongs to L^1 if its integral is finite.

Can a function belong to L^1 and have a maximal function in L^1?

Yes, it is possible for a function to belong to L^1 and have a maximal function in L^1. This means that the function has a finite integral, but its maximal function (defined as the supremum of the function's absolute values over all intervals) also has a finite integral.

How is the maximal function of a function in L^1 related to its integral?

The maximal function of a function in L^1 is closely related to its integral. For a function f, the maximal function is defined as Mf(x) = sup|f(t)|, where the supremum is taken over all t in the interval [0,x]. It has been proven that if a function f belongs to L^1, then its maximal function Mf also belongs to L^1 and has a finite integral.

What is the significance of a function belonging to both L^1 and having a maximal function in L^1?

The fact that a function can belong to both L^1 and have a maximal function in L^1 is significant because it provides a way to study the behavior of a function with a finite integral. The maximal function can give important information about the oscillation and regularity of the function, as well as its rate of decay at infinity.

Are there any applications of studying functions that belong to L^1 and have a maximal function in L^1?

Yes, there are several applications of studying such functions. For example, in harmonic analysis, the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function is used to study the behavior of functions in L^1. In addition, understanding the properties of functions in L^1 and their maximal functions has applications in areas such as signal processing, image processing, and partial differential equations.

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