Can you transform a countably infinite set to an uncountable one?

[BWV]

Is a simple one to one mapping from ℤ to ℝ such as exp[ℤ] countable?

If so, what about a one to many mapping like the set of all integer roots of ℕ, either for a finite set of integers (say 1 to 100) or the entire infinite set?

at the extreme would be the set of all non-transcendental irrational numbers - is this uncountable?

 

[Mark44]

Is a simple one to one mapping from ℤ to ℝ such as exp[ℤ] countable?

Yes, what you're describing as exp[Z] is a countably infinite set.

If so, what about a one to many mapping like the set of all integer roots of ℕ, either for a finite set of integers (say 1 to 100) or the entire infinite set?

The roots of a finite number of integers form a finite set. As for the roots of all of the positive integers, that seems to me to be a countably infinite set. To confirm this you would need to come up with a scheme for numbering the roots, possibly akin to the way the rational numbers between 0 and 1 are paired with the positive integers.

at the extreme would be the set of all non-transcendental irrational numbers - is this uncountable?

Seems likely to me.

 

[BWV]

The roots of a finite number of integers form a finite set.

Thanks, what I meant is a finite number of roots of all of ℕ, vs the set of all ℕ of ℕ

Which I am guessing is countable as you could create an ℕ x ℕ matrix where the columns are the n-root of the number in the first column

 

[pbuk]

Is a simple one to one mapping from ℤ to ℝ such as exp[ℤ] countable?

That's a surprising question: what definition of countability are you using that does not make this trivial?

If so, what about a one to many mapping like the set of all integer roots of ℕ, either for a finite set of integers (say 1 to 100) or the entire infinite set?

Are you familiar with the normal proof of the cardinality of the positive rationals (not just those less than one) e.g. https://math.oxford.emory.edu/site/math125/rationalEnumeration/ ? Simply consider $a^{1/b}$ instead of $\frac a b$.

at the extreme would be the set of all non-transcendental irrational numbers - is this uncountable?

What is the definition of a transcendental number? Hint: a number that is not an (...) number.
So a number that is non-transcendetal is not(not an (...) number) i.e. it is an (...) number.
What is the cardinality of the (...) numbers?

 

[pbuk]

Can you transform a countably infinite set to an uncountable one?

Yes: take its power set.

This was Cantor's first application of the diagonal argument to prove the existance of sets with cardinality greater than that of the natural numbers, the more familiar application to the reals using strings of decimal digits came later.

 

[pasmith]

Are you familiar with the normal proof of the cardinality of the positive rationals (not just those less than one) e.g. https://math.oxford.emory.edu/site/math125/rationalEnumeration/ ? Simply consider $a^{1/b}$ instead of $\frac a b$.

"All roots of natural numbers" might also include, for example, $i$, $-1$ and $-i$ as fourth roots of 1, so its not that simple. Even if we restrict attention to real roots, we should also include -1.

 

[pbuk]

Even if we restrict attention to real roots.

Which we should, per the OP:

Is a simple one to one mapping from ℤ to ℝ...

we should also include -1.

I am not sure that is what the OP had in mind, my guess is that he was talking about principal real roots. But even if not this clearly only adds a countable number of elements into the range (the negative of all the even roots).

Even if we include complex roots, we still only end up with a countable subset as our range because we start with ℕxℕ and then we have less than |ℕ| mappings for any element.

 

[pbuk]

Of course if you could find a mapping to an uncountable set smaller than the power set mapping you would have solved the continuum hypothesis - in the negative, which would be a surprise.

 

[BWV]

Ok another dumb question beyond my pay grade:

take ℚ on (0,1) as A then let B be the set of all the permutations of digits for each element of A (so, for example, the element .12 in A, B would consist of {.12, .21})

my guess would be this is uncountable like the power set? As there are arbitrarily large repeating decimals and Cantor's diagonalization would apply, this procedure would map to ℝ?

 

[PeroK]

Ok another dumb question beyond my pay grade:

take ℚ on (0,1) as A then let B be the set of all the permutations of digits for each element of A (so, for example, the element .12 in A, B would consist of {.12, .21})

my guess would be this is uncountable like the power set? As there are arbitrarily large repeating decimals and Cantor's diagonalization would apply, this procedure would map to ℝ?

My guess is that B is countable. It would be a nice exercise to prove this. One way or the other.

 

[jbriggs444]

take ℚ on (0,1) as A then let B be the set of all the permutations of digits for each element of A (so, for example, the element .12 in A, B would consist of {.12, .21})

my guess would be this is uncountable like the power set? As there are arbitrarily large repeating decimals and Cantor's diagonalization would apply, this procedure would map to ℝ?

If we had, for instance, 0.12121212... = $\frac{12}{99}$ then the set of all permutations of those digits would seem to be an uncountable set. That particular set would be a subset of $\mathbb{R}$ but it would share the cardinality of $\mathbb{R}$.

If you wanted to get fancier, $\frac{123456789}{9999999999}$ has a set of permutations that is more inclusive, though it still misses some.

 

[BWV]

If we had, for instance, 0.12121212... = $\frac{12}{99}$ then the set of all permutations of those digits would seem to be an uncountable set. That particular set would be a subset of $\mathbb{R}$ but it would share the cardinality of $\mathbb{R}$.

If you wanted to get fancier, $\frac{123456789}{9999999999}$ has a set of permutations that is more inclusive, though it still misses some.

But is there any irrational number that could not be generated by a permutation of the digits of a rational number?

 

[PeroK]

My guess is that B is countable. It would be a nice exercise to prove this. One way or the other.

The guess was wrong. As shown above.

 

[jbriggs444]

But is there any irrational number that could not be generated by a permutation of the digits of a rational number?

As long as we handwave away the pesky details of the decimal point and the minus sign, every irrational number is accounted for, yes.

Consider an arbiterary irrational number. Express it as a decimal digit string. For each of the ten possible digits, this string will have:

1. No matching digits. [For instance, it might lack any 2's and 3's]
2. Infinitely many matching digits. [The usual case]
3. Only finitely many matching digits. [For instance, it might have a grand total of seven 7's]

We construct a matching rational number by beginning with a decimal expansion which includes all of the digits that occur only finitely many times, each with the appropriate count.

We then tack on a repeating sub-sequence consisting of those digits which appear infinitely many times.

 

[pbuk]

Top tip: when considering problems in number theory it is often helpful to remember that there is nothing special about our familiar decimal numbering system and it can sometimes be clearer to work with the simplest system of all: binary.

The question in #9 then becomes "is there any real number that cannot be represented by a (possibly infinite) string of binary digits?" and the answer is obvious.

 

[jbriggs444]

Top tip: when considering problems in number theory it is often helpful to remember that there is nothing special about our familiar decimal numbering system and it can sometimes be clearer to work with the simplest system of all: binary.

The question in #9 then becomes "is there any real number that cannot be represented by a (possibly infinite) string of binary digits?" and the answer is obvious.

Indeed. Every irrational number has a binary expansion containing both infinitely many zeroes and infinitely many ones.

It suffices to pick one rational number whose binary expansion contains infinitely many of both digits. Every rational number whose binary expansion is non-terminating will have this property. In particular, we could use $\frac{1}{3}$ = 0.010101... (base 2).

Every irrational will have a binary expansion which is a permutation of those digits.