Computing path integral with real and Grassmann variables

In summary, the conversation discusses the computation of the $Z[w]$ integral, where $w_i(x)$ is a function and $n$ is a constant. The conversation suggests using the determinants of the partial derivatives of $w_i(x)$ and provides different approaches to solving the integral, such as using partial integration and the fact that the determinant can be written as the exponential of the trace of the natural logarithm. However, it is mentioned that obtaining the exact value of the integral may not be possible and the purpose of solving it is unclear.
  • #1
Geigercounter
8
2
Homework Statement
I want to compute the following path integral
$$Z[w] = \frac{1}{(2\pi)^{n/2}}\int d^n x \: \prod_{i=1}^{n}d\overline{\theta}_id\theta \: \exp{\left(-\overline{\theta}_i \partial_j w_i(x)\theta_j -\frac{1}{2}w_i(x)w_i(x)\right)}.$$ Here $w_i(x)$ are functions of the $n$ real variables $x_i$ and $\theta_i$ and $\overline{\theta}_i$ are $n$ independent Grassmann variables.
Relevant Equations
See below.
The first step seems easy: computation of the $\theta$ and $\overline{\theta}$ integrals give
$$Z[w] = \frac{1}{(2\pi)^{n/2}}\int d^n x \: \det(\partial_j w_i(x)) \exp{\left(-\frac{1}{2}w_i(x)w_i(x)\right)}.$$

From here, I tried using that $$\det(\partial_j w_i (x)) = \det\left(\partial_j w_i \left(\frac{d}{db}\right)\right) \exp\left(b_i x_i\right)\bigg\vert_{b=0}.$$ But I don't seem to be able to apply this step.

Other ideas I had included writing out the determinant as $$det(\partial_j w_i(x)) = \frac{1}{n!}\varepsilon_{i_1...i_n}\varepsilon_{j_1...j_n} \partial_{j_1} w_{i_1}(x) ... \partial_{j_n} w_{i_n}(x)$$ to then use some kind of partial integration.
Another, similar, idea was to use the fact that $$\det = \exp(\text{Tr} \ln) $$
 
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  • #2
Performing the ##x## integration exactly for ##Z[w]## could very well not be possible. You may very well not be able to obtain the exact value even if you were just considering this integral:

\begin{align*}
\frac{1}{(2 \pi)^{n/2}} \int d^nx \exp \left( - \frac{1}{2} w_i (x) w_i (x) \right)
\end{align*}

Could you clarify what it is you are aiming to achieve exactly? Do we know what the functions ##w_i (x)## are explicitly? Are you wanting to put the integral into some nice form rather than explicitly evaluating it? Could you show us the source of the question?
 
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FAQ: Computing path integral with real and Grassmann variables

What is a path integral in the context of quantum mechanics?

A path integral is a formulation of quantum mechanics that generalizes the action principle of classical mechanics. Instead of a single trajectory, it considers all possible paths a particle can take between two points, summing over all these paths to compute a probability amplitude. This approach was introduced by Richard Feynman and is particularly useful in quantum field theory and statistical mechanics.

What are Grassmann variables and why are they used in path integrals?

Grassmann variables are anticommuting variables used to represent fermionic degrees of freedom in the path integral formalism. Unlike ordinary numbers, the product of two Grassmann variables changes sign when the variables are exchanged. They are essential for correctly accounting for the antisymmetric nature of fermions, such as electrons, in quantum field theory.

How do you compute a path integral with both real and Grassmann variables?

To compute a path integral with both real (bosonic) and Grassmann (fermionic) variables, one typically discretizes the time or space into small intervals and then sums over all possible configurations of the fields. For Grassmann variables, the integration is performed using Berezin integration, which involves rules for integrating anticommuting variables. The final result is obtained by taking the limit as the interval size goes to zero.

What are some common applications of path integrals with Grassmann variables?

Path integrals with Grassmann variables are widely used in quantum field theory to describe fermionic fields, such as electrons and quarks. They are also used in statistical mechanics for systems with fermionic particles, in supersymmetric theories where bosonic and fermionic fields are treated on equal footing, and in condensed matter physics for studying phenomena like superconductivity and the quantum Hall effect.

What are the challenges in numerically computing path integrals with Grassmann variables?

Numerically computing path integrals with Grassmann variables is challenging due to the need to handle anticommuting variables and the complexity of the integrals involved. Techniques like lattice gauge theory and Monte Carlo simulations are often used, but they require careful treatment of discretization and convergence issues. Additionally, fermionic sign problems can arise, making the computations particularly difficult.

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