- #1
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- 825
This is a long one if you have to follow all of my steps. If you are reasonably familiar with Killing forms then you can probably just skip to the three questions.
Okay, I'm on my latest project which is to get some idea about how Dynkin diagrams and Coxeter labels work. (How do you pronounce "Coxeter" anyway?) I haven't got quite that far, but I'm not too far from it. But I'm having problems working with the Killing form using A1 as an example. I'm going to let you all what I know, but I'm also going to skip some steps that I don't believe are relevant for convenience. If you need more, just let me know.
Okay. A1 is a simple real Lie algebra over the field of complex numbers. There are three elements with Lie brackets \(\displaystyle [ H, E_{\pm} ] = \pm 2~E_{\pm}\) and \(\displaystyle [ E_+ , E_- ] = H\). Using \(\displaystyle \left( \begin{matrix} H \\ E_+ \\E_- \end{matrix} \right )\) as the basis (and calling H --> 1, \(\displaystyle E_+\) --> 2, and \(\displaystyle E_-\) --> 3 for ease of writing) we obtain the structure factors \(\displaystyle f^{23}_{~~~~1} = -f^{32}_{~~~~1} = 1\) and \(\displaystyle f^{12}_{~~~~2} = -f^{21}_{~~~~2} = - f^{13}_{~~~~3} = f^{31}_{~~~~3} = 2\).
The adjoint representation is simple to derive from here using \(\displaystyle \left ( R_{ad} \left ( T^a \right ) \right )_b^{~c} = f^{ac}_{~~~~b}\). I don't see the need to list them explicitly, so I'll move on.
From the structure factors we can write the Killing form for A1 by use of the formula: \(\displaystyle \kappa ^{ab} = \frac{1}{I_{ad}} \left ( f^{ae}_{~~~~c} ~ f^{bc}_{~~~~e} \right )\) (summation convention implied.) \(\displaystyle I_{ad}\) is the Dynkin index of the adjoint representation, whatever that means. After a bit of work the Killing form for A1 is
\(\displaystyle \kappa = \frac{1}{I_{ad}} \left ( \begin{matrix} 8 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &4 \\ 0 & 4 & 0 \end{matrix} \right )\)
At this point I start coming into my first question.
Question: Splitting the above (adjoint representation) Killing form into eigenvectors/values I can write it in the form given in the quote. But when I rewrite the basis this way the resulting algebra no longer has the same structure factors. I would have thought that any representation of the Lie algebra would always have the same structure factors? Why would changing the basis change the structure factors?
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Now I'm going to list a few things that are simple enough to calculate. I'll give you the blow by blow and get to my final question.
The (only) Cartan subalgebra of A1 is \(\displaystyle g_0 = \{ H \}\), with \(\displaystyle r = rank(A1) = dim(g_0) = 1\). This means we can split the adjoint representation of A1 into a direct sum of one dimensional representations \(\displaystyle g \leadsto \bigoplus _{\alpha} g^{\alpha}\) where \(\displaystyle g^{\alpha} = \{ x \in A1 ~ | ~ ad_{H}(x) = \alpha (H) \cdot x \} = g_0 \oplus g^2 \oplus g^{-2}\)
and \(\displaystyle [ H, E^{\alpha} ] = \alpha E^{\alpha}\). From the Lie brackets we get two values of \(\displaystyle \alpha\) and thus we have the root system (of A1 over \(\displaystyle g_0\)) \(\displaystyle \Phi = \left ( \begin{matrix} 2 \\ -2 \end{matrix} \right )\). This gives (finally!) the Cartan-Weyl basis of A1: \(\displaystyle \beta = \{ H \cup \{E^2, ~E^{-2} \} \}\). (\(\displaystyle E^2 = E_+, ~E^{-2} = E_-\)). This is actually the basis I started with which makes the next part very confusing to me.
Finally we get to the last question. My text says that the Killing form in the Cartan-Weyl basis can be written as (after a normalization of the basis)
\(\displaystyle \kappa = \frac{1}{I_{ad}} \left ( \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & \delta ^{\alpha, ~-\beta} \end{matrix} \right )\)
Question: What the heck is the \(\displaystyle \delta ^{\alpha, -\beta}\) supposed to be? For A1 I can intuit \(\displaystyle \alpha = 2 \text{ and } -\beta = -(-2) = 2\) from the root system so \(\displaystyle \kappa\) in the Cartan-Weyl basis is just the 3x3 identity matrix. but the Cartan-Weyl basis is just the basis I used at the beginning and the Killing form of the adjoint representation is not the same as the identity, even looking at an appropriate normalization of the basis. It looks more like the the Killing form in the quote...it has a signature of ++-. Where did I go wrong?
-Dan
Okay, I'm on my latest project which is to get some idea about how Dynkin diagrams and Coxeter labels work. (How do you pronounce "Coxeter" anyway?) I haven't got quite that far, but I'm not too far from it. But I'm having problems working with the Killing form using A1 as an example. I'm going to let you all what I know, but I'm also going to skip some steps that I don't believe are relevant for convenience. If you need more, just let me know.
Okay. A1 is a simple real Lie algebra over the field of complex numbers. There are three elements with Lie brackets \(\displaystyle [ H, E_{\pm} ] = \pm 2~E_{\pm}\) and \(\displaystyle [ E_+ , E_- ] = H\). Using \(\displaystyle \left( \begin{matrix} H \\ E_+ \\E_- \end{matrix} \right )\) as the basis (and calling H --> 1, \(\displaystyle E_+\) --> 2, and \(\displaystyle E_-\) --> 3 for ease of writing) we obtain the structure factors \(\displaystyle f^{23}_{~~~~1} = -f^{32}_{~~~~1} = 1\) and \(\displaystyle f^{12}_{~~~~2} = -f^{21}_{~~~~2} = - f^{13}_{~~~~3} = f^{31}_{~~~~3} = 2\).
The adjoint representation is simple to derive from here using \(\displaystyle \left ( R_{ad} \left ( T^a \right ) \right )_b^{~c} = f^{ac}_{~~~~b}\). I don't see the need to list them explicitly, so I'll move on.
From the structure factors we can write the Killing form for A1 by use of the formula: \(\displaystyle \kappa ^{ab} = \frac{1}{I_{ad}} \left ( f^{ae}_{~~~~c} ~ f^{bc}_{~~~~e} \right )\) (summation convention implied.) \(\displaystyle I_{ad}\) is the Dynkin index of the adjoint representation, whatever that means. After a bit of work the Killing form for A1 is
\(\displaystyle \kappa = \frac{1}{I_{ad}} \left ( \begin{matrix} 8 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &4 \\ 0 & 4 & 0 \end{matrix} \right )\)
At this point I start coming into my first question.
Question: I am working over the field of complex numbers, not the reals. As it happens the Killing form I have is non-degenerate and can be brought into the mentioned form. Is this chance or am I misinterpreting what they mean by "over \(\displaystyle \mathbb{R}\)?"
Question: Splitting the above (adjoint representation) Killing form into eigenvectors/values I can write it in the form given in the quote. But when I rewrite the basis this way the resulting algebra no longer has the same structure factors. I would have thought that any representation of the Lie algebra would always have the same structure factors? Why would changing the basis change the structure factors?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Now I'm going to list a few things that are simple enough to calculate. I'll give you the blow by blow and get to my final question.
The (only) Cartan subalgebra of A1 is \(\displaystyle g_0 = \{ H \}\), with \(\displaystyle r = rank(A1) = dim(g_0) = 1\). This means we can split the adjoint representation of A1 into a direct sum of one dimensional representations \(\displaystyle g \leadsto \bigoplus _{\alpha} g^{\alpha}\) where \(\displaystyle g^{\alpha} = \{ x \in A1 ~ | ~ ad_{H}(x) = \alpha (H) \cdot x \} = g_0 \oplus g^2 \oplus g^{-2}\)
and \(\displaystyle [ H, E^{\alpha} ] = \alpha E^{\alpha}\). From the Lie brackets we get two values of \(\displaystyle \alpha\) and thus we have the root system (of A1 over \(\displaystyle g_0\)) \(\displaystyle \Phi = \left ( \begin{matrix} 2 \\ -2 \end{matrix} \right )\). This gives (finally!) the Cartan-Weyl basis of A1: \(\displaystyle \beta = \{ H \cup \{E^2, ~E^{-2} \} \}\). (\(\displaystyle E^2 = E_+, ~E^{-2} = E_-\)). This is actually the basis I started with which makes the next part very confusing to me.
Finally we get to the last question. My text says that the Killing form in the Cartan-Weyl basis can be written as (after a normalization of the basis)
\(\displaystyle \kappa = \frac{1}{I_{ad}} \left ( \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & \delta ^{\alpha, ~-\beta} \end{matrix} \right )\)
Question: What the heck is the \(\displaystyle \delta ^{\alpha, -\beta}\) supposed to be? For A1 I can intuit \(\displaystyle \alpha = 2 \text{ and } -\beta = -(-2) = 2\) from the root system so \(\displaystyle \kappa\) in the Cartan-Weyl basis is just the 3x3 identity matrix. but the Cartan-Weyl basis is just the basis I used at the beginning and the Killing form of the adjoint representation is not the same as the identity, even looking at an appropriate normalization of the basis. It looks more like the the Killing form in the quote...it has a signature of ++-. Where did I go wrong?
-Dan