Criteria for causal independence (new paper, Planck data)

In summary, this paper calculates that pairs of quasars that have redshifts above 3.65 have no past causal contact with each other or with our past worldline. This is a significant constraint on the possibility of signaling each other's worldlines before the end of time.
  • #1
marcus
Science Advisor
Gold Member
Dearly Missed
24,775
792
I don't know whether this has much general interest. I am interested by communication horizons in cosmology, or causal horizons if you prefer. This paper claims to study several cases including how far apart two quasars would have to be to have been out of contact ever since the end of the putative inflation epoch. That is very far back---the very start of post-inflationary expansion. It struck me as impressive to attempt to calculate these things, especially if they can do a creditable job. So here's the paper:

http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.3943
The Shared Causal Pasts and Futures of Cosmological Events
Andrew S. Friedman, David I. Kaiser, Jason Gallicchio
(Submitted on 16 May 2013)
We derive criteria for whether two cosmological events can have a shared causal past or a shared causal future, assuming a Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universe with best-fit ΛCDM cosmological parameters from the Planck satellite. We further derive criteria for whether either cosmic event could have been in past causal contact with our own worldline since the time of the hot "big bang", which we take to be the end of early-universe inflation. We find that pairs of objects such as quasars on opposite sides of the sky with redshifts z ≥ 3.65 have no shared causal past with each other or with our past worldline. More complicated constraints apply if the objects are at different redshifts from each other or appear at some relative angle less than 180 degrees, as seen from Earth. We present examples of observed quasar pairs that satisfy all, some, or none of the criteria for past causal independence. Given dark energy and the recent accelerated expansion, our observable universe has a finite conformal lifetime, and hence a cosmic event horizon at current redshift z = 1.87. We thus constrain whether pairs of cosmic events can signal each other's worldlines before the end of time. Lastly, we generalize the criteria for shared past and future causal domains for FLRW universes with nonzero spatial curvature.
38 pages, 16 figures, submitted to Physical Review D
 
Space news on Phys.org
  • #2
This suggests a causal disconnect between objects within the observable universe. I'm not insisting the observable universe must be logical, but, this puts the Copernican principle in the dumpster.
 
Last edited:
  • #3
Under the standard FRW scenario, there can and is a causal separation between regions in our visible universe. This is perfectly well understood. There is simply not enough time for all cosmic event horizons to have overlapped significantly.

This is straightforward calculation and illustration of the horizon problem of cosmology, which is done in most textbooks (and the appendix in the paper) where you can enumerate the number density of causally distinct horizons (something like 10^80) as well as the avg angular separation between them. The paper above simply rewrites this in more convenient variables and generalizes the calculation to different redshift/angular seperations (basically a selection criteria which allows us to distinguish whether or not two objects share a past event) which is a much more ardous calculation.
 
  • #4
Good paper thanks for posting it. The paper does an impressive job with the descriptives and worldlines.
 
  • #5
So, does this justify abandoning the Copernican principle as a fundamental premise of cosmology? I think not.
 
  • #6
Why do you think that distant regions not having time to be in causal contact has anything to do with the Copernican principle?

Every observer in any particular region will see the same thing on average, and will be able to make the same deductive leap.
 
  • #7
I too am having trouble seeing how isotropy and homogeneity are threatened by the existence of causal disconnects. There do exist causal disconnects in the FRW universe with homogeneity and isotropy intact so I'm not seeing what the issue is.
 
  • #8
Haelfix said:
Why do you think that distant regions not having time to be in causal contact has anything to do with the Copernican principle?
Because the only reasonable way for different parts of the universe to know they should be the same density is for them to have a shared past.

The fact that different parts of our observable universe are similar today may not seem particularly special, but remember that at the time the CMB was emitted, the density differences were only one part in 100,000.
 
  • #9
Chalnoth said:
Because the only reasonable way for different parts of the universe to know they should be the same density is for them to have a shared past.
I thought they shared the past before/during inflation, solving the horizon problem. After that it should not matter if they can ever share again.
 
  • #10
This paper is interesting, but it doesn't seem to make any surprising conclusions. I am reading this at a coffee shop while on a trip with my family, so I have only had a quick scan, and I might have missed some important stuff. It seems to quantify, using recent data, results that were already known at least qualitatively. I will try and have a more leisurely read in a few days when I return home.
 
Last edited:
  • #11
Jorrie said:
I thought they shared the past before/during inflation, solving the horizon problem. After that it should not matter if they can ever share again.

This paper does cover the shared past in the appendix sections. Where it determines the minimal number of e-folds to solve the horizon problem to be 62.5 (think I have that value right will have to double check).
the time they set as T=0 is after inflation.

However it does state a shared past prior to T<0 in the appendix sections.
So I don't see this as a violation as the paper does cover a shared past in regards to CMB distributions and the horizon problem.
If I'm reading this correctly then all its doing is stating t=0 in this paper is the point where causal seperations would occur.

The required number of e-folds to solve the horizon problem in this paper is n>=65.95 (sorry for long hand on phone).
 
Last edited:
  • #12
Jorrie said:
I thought they shared the past before/during inflation, solving the horizon problem. After that it should not matter if they can ever share again.
Right. That's generally expected to be part of the solution of the horizon problem. The main issue is that for inflation to start at all, you need a causally-disconnected region to have nearly the same excited value of the inflaton field. I think most physicists feel that the fact that this causally-disconnected region need only be of the order of [itex]10^{-30}[/itex] meters across or so makes it at least seem more likely.

So inflation doesn't so much solve the horizon problem as it pushes it to much smaller scales.

We might imagine that this is a fluke: tiny, random excitations of the inflaton field might happen all the time, and it is only when an exceptionally rare one that spans a large enough distance with nearly the same inflaton field value generates a new inflating region.

Alternatively, perhaps it's instead down to some dynamics that we don't know: the physical process which generates this initial inflating region brings those apparently-disconnected regions into causal contact before inflation begins.
 

FAQ: Criteria for causal independence (new paper, Planck data)

What is causal independence?

Causal independence is a concept in statistics and data analysis that refers to the idea that two variables are not causally related or dependent on each other. In other words, changes in one variable do not directly cause changes in the other variable.

2. How is causal independence measured?

Causal independence is typically measured using statistical methods such as correlation coefficients and regression analysis. These methods help to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between variables and can indicate whether there is a causal relationship or not.

3. What is the significance of the new paper on criteria for causal independence?

The new paper on criteria for causal independence, which is based on analysis of Planck data, proposes a new set of criteria for determining causal independence that may be more accurate and applicable in certain situations. This paper adds to our understanding of causal independence and provides a potential framework for future research.

4. How does the Planck data contribute to our understanding of causal independence?

The Planck data, which is a collection of measurements from the Planck satellite, is used in the new paper to analyze the relationship between variables and develop new criteria for causal independence. This data provides a large and diverse dataset for analysis and can help to validate the proposed criteria.

5. Can causal independence ever be definitively proven?

No, causal independence cannot be definitively proven. It is important to note that correlation does not necessarily imply causation, and there may be other factors or variables that are influencing the relationship between two variables. While statistical methods can provide strong evidence for causal independence, it cannot be proven with absolute certainty.

Similar threads

Replies
12
Views
3K
Replies
7
Views
2K
Replies
8
Views
5K
Replies
2
Views
2K
Back
Top