Did Bacteria Transfer Genes to Asp Caterpillars to Produce Unique Venom?

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In summary, scientists have discovered a fuzzy caterpillar that has a unique and powerful venom hiding under its surface. This venom is unlike any ever seen in insects and may have been transferred from bacteria to the distant ancestors of moths. This finding has potential for medical breakthroughs and highlights the concept of horizontal gene transfer, where DNA can be transferred between different species through various mechanisms. This discovery also serves as a reminder to not touch live Asp caterpillars and to appreciate the fascinating world of genetics.
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TL;DR Summary
Horizontal gene transfer is the incorporation of a gene sequence from one species to another unrelated species - in the case fuzzy caterpillars possibly from bacteria
Popular Science: https://www.sciencealert.com/this-fuzzy-caterpillar-conceals-a-venom-unlike-any-ever-seen-in-insects (pictures).
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2305871120

Asp caterpillars have a very powerful venom under their surface "fuzzies". The discussion focuses on some important points:

1. Gene transfer may have occurred between bacteria and the distant ancestors of the moths. This is an extreme example. See the paper for discussion on this point.

2. Unique powerful venoms often lead to medical breakthroughs. This venom is especially unusual.

If nothing else, take a look at the article(s) to see a very interesting fuzzball caterpillar. And do not ever think of touching a live one....
 
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Horizontal gene transfer also has a wider meaning than transfers between different species.

Generally, the horizontalicity is in contrast to vertical inheritance going from parents to offspring.
This would include:
  • bacteria or archaea picking up DNA from their environment and incorporating it into their genome (this occurs only rarely in eukaryotes).
  • bacteria (or archaeal) sex between different bacterial "species".
  • viruses (or other parasites) picking up bits of DNA in one organism and them copying it into the genome of a different host (prokaryote or eukayote). It doesn't have to be a different species, but it would be much easier to identify if it were.
  • DNA obtined by one species by eating another and randomly incorporating some of its DNA instead of digesting it.
  • lab experiments moving DNA from one organism to another.

Hybridization can transfer DNA between what are often considered different species, but it is not horizontal gene transfer because it moves DNA around by the "normal" mechanisms involved in gene transmission between generations.
 
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Related to Did Bacteria Transfer Genes to Asp Caterpillars to Produce Unique Venom?

1. What evidence suggests that bacteria transferred genes to Asp caterpillars?

Researchers have identified specific genes in Asp caterpillars that closely resemble bacterial genes, particularly those involved in toxin production. Genetic analyses and comparisons indicate that these genes are more similar to bacterial genes than to those found in other insects, suggesting horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to the caterpillars.

2. How do these bacterial genes contribute to the venom of Asp caterpillars?

The bacterial genes that have been transferred to Asp caterpillars encode proteins that are toxic to predators or prey. These proteins are integrated into the caterpillar's venom, enhancing its potency and effectiveness. The presence of these genes allows the caterpillar to produce unique venom components that are not found in other species.

3. What methods are used to determine if gene transfer occurred between bacteria and Asp caterpillars?

Scientists use a combination of genomic sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and comparative genomics to identify and trace the origins of specific genes. By comparing the genetic sequences of Asp caterpillars with those of various bacteria, researchers can identify similarities that indicate horizontal gene transfer. Additionally, bioinformatics tools are used to analyze the evolutionary relationships between these genes.

4. Why is horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and insects considered rare?

Horizontal gene transfer is more common among bacteria and less so between bacteria and multicellular organisms like insects. This is because the mechanisms for transferring genes across such different domains of life are complex and less understood. Barriers such as cellular compatibility, gene integration, and expression regulation make such events rare and significant when they do occur.

5. What implications does this discovery have for our understanding of evolution and venom production?

This discovery highlights the complexity and interconnectedness of evolutionary processes, showing that gene transfer can cross significant biological boundaries. It suggests that horizontal gene transfer can play a crucial role in the development of new traits and adaptations, such as venom production. Understanding these mechanisms can provide insights into evolutionary biology, ecology, and the potential for biotechnological applications.

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