ABSTRACT - We present a catalog (status July 1, 2022) of triple and higher order systemsidentified containing exoplanets based on data from the literature, including various analyses. We explore statistical properties of the systems with focuson both the stars and the planets. So far, about 30 triple systems and one to three quadruple systems, including (mildly) controversial cases, have been found. The total number of planets is close to 40. All planet-hosting triple star systems are highly hierarchic, consisting of a quasi-binary complemented by a distant stellar component, which is in orbit about the common center of mass. Furthermore, the quadruple systems are in fact pairs of close binaries ("double-doubles"), with one binary harboring a planet. For the different types of star-planet systems, we introduce a template for the classifications of planetary orbital configurations in correspondence to the hierarchy of the system and the planetary host. The data show that almost all stars are main-sequence stars, as expected. However, the stellar primaries tend to be more massive (i.e., corresponding to spectral types A, F, and G) than expected from single star statistics, a finding also valid for stellar secondaries but less pronounced. Tertiary stellar components are almost exclusively low-mass stars of spectral type M. Almost all planets have been discovered based oneither the Radial Velocity or the Transit method. Both gas giants (the dominant type) and terrestrial planets (including super-Earths) have been identified. We anticipate the expansion of this data base in the light of future planetary search missions.
"The data show that almost all stars are main-sequence stars, as expected. However, the stellar primaries tend to be more massive (i.e., corresponding to spectral types A, F, and G) than expected from single star statistics, a finding also valid for stellar secondaries but less pronounced. Tertiary stellar components are almost exclusively low-mass stars of spectral type M.
Certainly never reported like that in the media or pop sci.snorkack said:There is a point made with numbers, though these vary. Namely that Sun is a high mass star - it is pointed out that this is rarely stated.
The two statistics they quote are somewhat divergent and not specific to Sun, but Sun is in about top 5% of main sequence stars.
For something that can be analyzed, seepinball1970 said:Certainly never reported like that in the media or pop sci.
"Average star" Top 5% is not average.
EDIT: from wiki "Sun has an absolute magnitude of +4.83, estimated to be brighter than about 85% of the stars in the Milky Way, most of which are red dwarfs.[30][31] "
The Early Catalog of Planet-Hosting Multiple Star (≥ 3) Systems is a comprehensive database that lists and details star systems with three or more stars that also host one or more planets. It aims to provide a clear and organized collection of information for researchers and enthusiasts interested in the dynamics and characteristics of these complex celestial arrangements.
Planets in multiple star systems are typically detected using methods such as the transit method, where a planet passes in front of a star causing a temporary dimming, and the radial velocity method, which measures variations in the star's velocity due to gravitational interactions with orbiting planets. Advanced techniques like direct imaging and astrometry can also be used, especially in systems with multiple stars where traditional methods might be complicated by the presence of several light sources.
Studying planets in multiple star systems presents several challenges, including the complex gravitational interactions between the stars and the planets, which can affect planetary orbits and stability. Additionally, the presence of multiple stars can complicate the detection and observation of planets due to the combined light and potential eclipses. These factors require sophisticated modeling and observational techniques to accurately characterize such systems.
Studying planets in multiple star systems is important because it expands our understanding of planet formation and stability in diverse environments. These systems can provide insights into the potential for habitability in different celestial configurations and help refine our models of planetary system evolution. Understanding these systems can also enhance our knowledge of the frequency and distribution of planets in the galaxy.
Some notable discoveries from the catalog include the identification of several stable planetary orbits within complex star systems, the detection of planets in dynamically interesting configurations such as hierarchical triples, and the discovery of planets in systems with significant stellar interactions. These findings have provided valuable data for testing theories of planetary formation and dynamics in multi-star environments.