An s-orbital is a spherical region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding an electron. It can hold a maximum of 2 electrons and is the first orbital to be filled in an electron configuration.
Electrons in s-orbitals can shield outer electrons by repelling them with their negative charge. This results in a decrease in the effective nuclear charge experienced by the outer electrons, making them easier to remove.
Outer electrons are the electrons in the highest energy level of an atom. They are important in electron shielding because they are the most easily affected by the repulsion from electrons in s-orbitals, causing a decrease in their effective nuclear charge.
Electron shielding can affect the reactivity of an atom by making it easier for outer electrons to be removed. This can result in an increase in reactivity, as atoms with fewer outer electrons are more likely to form bonds with other atoms.
Yes, electron shielding can be overcome by increasing the effective nuclear charge experienced by the outer electrons. This can be achieved by adding more protons to the nucleus or by removing electrons from inner energy levels, resulting in a stronger attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons.