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Studiot
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@Darwin
My point was that caloric was a word used in the english speaking world and the concept already dispelled by the time of Clausius,
Clausius was a mid 19th century worker, Black a later 18th century one.
@Rap
I am not suggesting Caratheodory as the most recent authority. I raised his definition as it seems to me the most pertinent to this discussion on lines on indicator diagrams and mathematical continuity.
Workers prior to Caratheodory all specified what we now call the second law in terms of cyclic processes ie closed loops on the indicator diagram composed of several lines. That is from State A to State B and back again. Caratheodory was the first to offer a definition that could be applied to a single line ie from State A to State B.
My English translation has
"In the neighbourhood of any equilibrium state of a system there are states that are inaccessible by an adiathermal process"