Evaluate the limit of this harmonic series as n tends to infinity

  • #1
Aurelius120
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Homework Statement
Evaluate $$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+........\frac{1}{n}}{n^2}\right)^n$$
Relevant Equations
$$\lim_{x \to{+}\infty}{f(x)^{g(x)}}=e^{\left(\lim_{x \to{+}\infty}{(f(x)-1)\cdot g(X)}\right)}$$ $$\text{if}\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}f(x)=1\text{ and } \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}g(x)=\infty$$
To use the formula above, I have to prove that $$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}f(x)=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+........\frac{1}{n}}{n^2}\right)=1$$
To prove so, I tried using L'Hopital's Rule:
$$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}f(x)=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\frac{-1n^{(-2)}}{2n}$$ But this gives zero.
 
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  • #2
The numerator in the last expression is incorrect.
 
  • #3
Hill said:
The numerator in the last expression is incorrect.
Why so ?
$$\frac{d\left(\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+..........\frac{1}{n}\right)}{dn}=\frac{dn^{-1}}{dn}=-n^{-2}$$
 
  • #4
##\frac{d\left(\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+..........\frac{1}{n}\right)}{dn} \neq \frac{dn^{-1}}{dn}##

Rather,
##\frac{d\left(\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{n}\right)}{dn}=\frac{dn^{-1}}{dn}##
 
  • #5
Hill said:
##\frac{d\left(\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+..........\frac{1}{n}\right)}{dn} \neq \frac{dn^{-1}}{dn}##

Rather,
##\frac{d\left(\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{n}\right)}{dn}=\frac{dn^{-1}}{dn}##
Why is that ? Since the constants after that will also be zero?
Also even we go the other way:
$$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}f(x)=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+........\frac{1}{n}}{n^2}\right)=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{1}{n^2}+\frac{1}{2n^2}+\frac{1}{3n^2}+\frac{1}{4n^2}+........\frac{1}{n^3}\right)$$ which is still zero.
 
  • #6
I don't see the point of using L'Hopital. The answer should be clear using a crude estimate for the partial sums of the harmonic series.
 
  • #7
PS just try ##n = 2, 3 \dots ##, to see what's happening:
$$a(2) = \bigg (\frac{1 + \frac 1 2}{4}\bigg)^2 = \bigg(\frac{3}{8}\bigg)^2$$
$$a(3) = \bigg (\frac{1 + \frac 1 2 + \frac 1 3}{9}\bigg)^3 = \bigg(\frac{11}{54}\bigg)^3$$That sequence definitely does not converge to ##1##.
 
  • #8
Aurelius120 said:
I have to prove that $$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}f(x)=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+........\frac{1}{n}}{n^2}\right)=1$$
Good luck with proving that!
 
  • #9
Aurelius120 said:
Why is that ? Since the constants after that will also be zero?
Because $$1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+........\frac{1}{n} \neq const.+\frac{1}{n}$$
Actually,
$$1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+........\frac{1}{n} = 1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+........+\frac{1}{n-3}+\frac{1}{n-2}+\frac{1}{n-1}+\frac{1}{n}$$
 
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  • #10
Well the solution involves somehow using the "relevant equations" formula. For which
$$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}f(x)=1$$ but
$$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}f(x)=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+........\frac{1}{n}}{n^2}\right)$$$$=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{1}{n^2}+\frac{1}{2n^2}+\frac{1}{3n^2}+\frac{1}{4n^2}+........\frac{1}{n^3}\right)=0$$
PeroK said:
Good luck with proving that!
So that is a problem
 
  • #11
It's not clear to me why you're rejecting what appears to be the correct answer. Should the original problem involve an nth root, rather than a power of n?
 
  • #12
The question in the book is
1000015914.jpg

The solution uses $$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}e^{\left(\frac{1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+........\frac{1}{n}}{n^2}\right)\cdot n}$$
I figured the solution evaluated the part after 1 instead of the entire limit
PeroK said:
It's not clear to me why you're rejecting what appears to be the correct answer. Should the original problem involve an nth root, rather than a power of n?
That is why I wanted to show that limit was 1
 
  • #13
If you're faced with this question in an exam, just answer 1. It's the only possible choice. The expression in the parenthesis is non-negative, so the only option is 1, meaning the parenthesis must equal 0.
 
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  • #14
The limit is $$\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\left(\frac{H_n}{n^2}\right)^n=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{H^n_n}{n^{2n}}$$Where ##H_n## is the ##n##th harmonic number. The numerator grows much slower than the denominator and so the answer is just ##0##.
 
  • #15
mathhabibi said:
The limit is $$\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\left(\frac{H_n}{n^2}\right)^n=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{H^n_n}{n^{2n}}$$Where ##H_n## is the ##n##th harmonic number. The numerator grows much slower than the denominator and so the answer is just ##0##.
1000015921.jpg

This is the given solution though
 
  • #16
Aurelius120 said:
View attachment 340474
This is the given solution though
Take the natural log of both sides. Also this isn't the original limit as in the question.
 
  • #17
I think ln(n) is an upper bound for the sum ##\Sigma_{i=1}^n \frac{1}{i}##. If so, the power is bound by ##\frac{ln(n)}{n}##, which goes to ##0## as ##n## goes to ##\infty##. (i.e., using that ##ln(e^n=n)##I experimented with powers of ##e; e^n; n=1,2,...## and this bound seemed to hold up. Obviously both sequences diverge, but ##ln(n)## does so much faster than the Harmonic series.
 
  • #18
WWGD said:
I think ln(n) is an upper bound for the sum ##\Sigma_{i=1}^n \frac{1}{i}##.
No. It's ##\ln(n)+\gamma## (where ##\gamma## is the Euler-Mascheroni constant). However, ##\ln n## is pretty close to the harmonic numbers so replacing the numbers with that function shouldn't change anything.
 
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FAQ: Evaluate the limit of this harmonic series as n tends to infinity

What is a harmonic series?

A harmonic series is a divergent infinite series defined as the sum of the reciprocals of the positive integers: \( \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n} \). It is called "harmonic" because its terms are the harmonic means of the integers.

Does the harmonic series converge or diverge?

The harmonic series diverges. This means that as \( n \) tends to infinity, the sum of the series increases without bound. Despite the terms getting smaller, the series does not approach a finite limit.

What is the mathematical proof that the harmonic series diverges?

One common proof of the divergence of the harmonic series involves comparing it to a series that is known to diverge. For example, by grouping terms in pairs, it can be shown that the harmonic series grows without bound: \( 1 + \left( \frac{1}{2} \right) + \left( \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \right) + \left( \frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{7} + \frac{1}{8} \right) + \ldots \). Each group of terms sums to a value greater than or equal to \( \frac{1}{2} \), leading to an infinite sum.

Can the partial sums of the harmonic series be used to approximate its behavior?

Yes, the partial sums of the harmonic series can be used to approximate its behavior. The \( n \)-th partial sum of the harmonic series, \( H_n = \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k} \), grows logarithmically. Specifically, \( H_n \approx \ln(n) + \gamma \), where \( \gamma \) is the Euler-Mascheroni constant, approximately 0.577. This approximation shows that the partial sums increase without bound as \( n \) increases.

What are some applications or implications of the harmonic series in mathematics and science?

The harmonic series appears in various fields such as number theory, analysis, and computer science. For example, in number theory, it is related to the distribution of prime numbers. In computer science, it appears in the analysis of algorithms, particularly those involving sorting and data structures like heaps. The divergence of the harmonic series also has implications in understanding the behavior of certain types of random walks and in the study of electrical circuits and signal processing.

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