Fermat's Little Theorem can be applied to find the remainder of a number when divided by another, particularly in the context of prime powers. The example given involves calculating the remainder of 52005 when divided by 4010, which factors into 2, 5, and 401. By finding integers a, b, and c for the congruences of 5^2005 modulo these factors, one can utilize the Chinese Remainder Theorem to combine the results. This method effectively simplifies the calculation of large powers modulo composite numbers. Understanding these theorems is essential for solving such remainder problems efficiently.