Help Needed with Determining B' in Proposition 6.1.2: A Case for n=2

  • MHB
  • Thread starter Math Amateur
  • Start date
In summary: I'm beginning to think that you should just respond with "No." In summary, the conversation was about a proof in a book on Multidimensional Real Analysis and the validity of taking the intersection of two sets in order to determine a certain region. The expert suggests considering different interpretations and tests the criteria with an example to determine that the author's intention was to fix a value and then pick $t_j$ arbitrarily, with the equality holding for any $j$.
  • #1
Math Amateur
Gold Member
MHB
3,998
48
(Note: I have posted a similar post to this recently, but have had no replies ... I am now posting a similar but simple and more focused post with less scope)
I am reading Multidimensional Real Analysis II (Integration) by J.J. Duistermaat and J.A.C. Kolk ... and am focused on Chapter 6: Integration ...

I need some help with the proof of Proposition 6.1.2 ... and for this post I will focus on the first auxiliary result ... see (i) ... at the start of the proof ...

Proposition 6.1.2 ... and the start of the proof ... reads as follows:
Duistermaat & Kolk_Vol II ... Proposition 6.1.2 .png

Definitions and text preliminary to the Proposition reads as follows:

Duistermaat & Kolk_Vol II ... Prelim text No. 1 to Proposition 6.1.2 .png

Duistermaat & Kolk_Vol II ... Prelim text No. 2 to Proposition 6.1.2 .png
At the start of the proof in (i) D&K write :

" ... for \(\displaystyle 1 \leq j \leq n, \text{ let } t_j \in [a_j, b_j] \) be arbitrary.

Consider

\(\displaystyle B' = \{ x \in \mathbb{R^n} \ \ | \ \ a_j \leq x_j \leq t_j \text{ and } a_k \leq x_k \leq b_k \text{ for } k \neq j \} \)

... now ... to simplify the situation ... consider the case for \(\displaystyle n = 2 \) ... that is for math] R^2 [/math] ...

Thus we consider :

\(\displaystyle B' = \{ ( x_1, x_2 ) \in \mathbb{R^2} \ \ | \ \ a_j \leq x_j \leq t_j \text{ and } a_k \leq x_k \leq b_k \text{ for } k \neq j \} \)

where \(\displaystyle 1 \leq j \leq 2 \)*** Now my problem is how do we validly and correctly determine B' ... ***

The sets involved in determining B' are as follows:

For $ j=1$ we consider the set : $ a_1 \leq x_1\leq t_1 \text{ and } a_2 \leq x_2 \leq b_2 $

For $ j=2 $ we consider the set : $ a_2 \leq x_2 \leq t_2 \text{ and } a_1 \leq x_1 \leq b_1$Now ... with these sets ... do we :

$ \bullet $ Take $j=1$ or take $j=2 $ and just consider one set

$ \bullet $ Consider the case for $j=1$ or $j=2$ ... that is , take the union of both sets

$ \bullet $ Consider the case for $j=1$ and $j=2$ ... that is , take the intersection of both setsI think the correct option is to take the intersection of both sets since in the initial specification of B' both conditions seem to apply ...Is that correct?

If it is not correct can someone please explain the mistakes, shortcomings and deficiencies ...
If the intersection is the valid and correct way to proceed then :

\(\displaystyle B' = \{ ( x_1, x_2 ) \in \mathbb{R^2} \ \ | \ \ a_1 \leq x_1 \leq t_1 \text{ and } a_2 \leq x_2 \leq t_2 \} \)Is that correct?Hoping someone can help .

... any help will be much appreciated ...

Peter
 
Last edited:
Physics news on Phys.org
  • #2
Hi Peter,

Great job looking to $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ to gain an intuition for what's going on. Also really nice that you've posited a number of possible interpretations of what the author has written. You've done a great job outlining testable criteria, so let's do just that.

Suppose the author meant to look at the intersection. Take $B = [0,1]\times [0,1]$; i.e., $B$ is the unit square in $\mathbb{R}^{2}$. Take $t_{1} = 0.25$ and $t_{2} = 0.75$. Then, under the intersection interpretation, $B'$ is shown in green below and $B''$ is shown in red below. We can see that $\text{Vol}_{2}(B)\neq \text{Vol}_{2}(B') + \text{Vol}_{2}(B'')$ because the right side of the equation is smaller than the quantity on the left.

I encourage you to try using the same example under the "union interpretation." In this case you will get "L"-shaped regions for $B'$ and $B''$, and $\text{Vol}_{2}(B') + \text{Vol}_{2}(B'')$ will exceed $\text{Vol}_{2}(B).$

I believe the author's intention here is to fix a value of $j$ between 1 and $n$. Then, for this $j$ pick $t_{j}$ arbitrarily. The equality will then hold and this is true for any $j$ we could choose. The picture of this for $j=1$ on the unit square is shown below and we can see that equality does hold. See second picture with orange and blue regions.

[DESMOS]{"version":7,"graph":{"viewport":{"xmin":-0.1,"ymin":-0.1,"xmax":1.25,"ymax":1.25},"squareAxes":false},"randomSeed":"1e19c72bef2e1f81b4bc890d13ccd9f9","expressions":{"list":[{"type":"expression","id":"1","color":"#388c46","latex":"0\\le y\\le0.75\\left\\{0\\le x\\le0.25\\right\\}"},{"type":"expression","id":"2","color":"#eb4034","latex":"0.75\\le y\\le1\\left\\{0.25\\le x\\le1\\right\\}"}]}}[/DESMOS]

[DESMOS]{"version":7,"graph":{"viewport":{"xmin":-0.1,"ymin":-0.1,"xmax":1.25,"ymax":1.25},"squareAxes":false},"randomSeed":"744dbacbbd651d06cd2e923a05d09284","expressions":{"list":[{"type":"expression","id":"1","color":"#fa7e19","latex":"0\\le y\\le1\\left\\{0\\le x\\le0.75\\right\\}"},{"type":"expression","id":"2","color":"#2d70b3","latex":"0\\le y\\le1\\left\\{0.75\\le x\\le1\\right\\}"}]}}[/DESMOS]
 
  • #3
GJA said:
Hi Peter,

Great job looking to $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ to gain an intuition for what's going on. Also really nice that you've posited a number of possible interpretations of what the author has written. You've done a great job outlining testable criteria, so let's do just that.

Suppose the author meant to look at the intersection. Take $B = [0,1]\times [0,1]$; i.e., $B$ is the unit square in $\mathbb{R}^{2}$. Take $t_{1} = 0.25$ and $t_{2} = 0.75$. Then, under the intersection interpretation, $B'$ is shown in green below and $B''$ is shown in red below. We can see that $\text{Vol}_{2}(B)\neq \text{Vol}_{2}(B') + \text{Vol}_{2}(B'')$ because the right side of the equation is smaller than the quantity on the left.

I encourage you to try using the same example under the "union interpretation." In this case you will get "L"-shaped regions for $B'$ and $B''$, and $\text{Vol}_{2}(B') + \text{Vol}_{2}(B'')$ will exceed $\text{Vol}_{2}(B).$

I believe the author's intention here is to fix a value of $j$ between 1 and $n$. Then, for this $j$ pick $t_{j}$ arbitrarily. The equality will then hold and this is true for any $j$ we could choose. The picture of this for $j=1$ on the unit square is shown below and we can see that equality does hold. See second picture with orange and blue regions.

[DESMOS]{"version":7,"graph":{"viewport":{"xmin":-0.1,"ymin":-0.1,"xmax":1.25,"ymax":1.25},"squareAxes":false},"randomSeed":"1e19c72bef2e1f81b4bc890d13ccd9f9","expressions":{"list":[{"type":"expression","id":"1","color":"#388c46","latex":"0\\le y\\le0.75\\left\\{0\\le x\\le0.25\\right\\}"},{"type":"expression","id":"2","color":"#eb4034","latex":"0.75\\le y\\le1\\left\\{0.25\\le x\\le1\\right\\}"}]}}[/DESMOS]

[DESMOS]{"version":7,"graph":{"viewport":{"xmin":-0.1,"ymin":-0.1,"xmax":1.25,"ymax":1.25},"squareAxes":false},"randomSeed":"744dbacbbd651d06cd2e923a05d09284","expressions":{"list":[{"type":"expression","id":"1","color":"#fa7e19","latex":"0\\le y\\le1\\left\\{0\\le x\\le0.75\\right\\}"},{"type":"expression","id":"2","color":"#2d70b3","latex":"0\\le y\\le1\\left\\{0.75\\le x\\le1\\right\\}"}]}}[/DESMOS]
Hi GJA,

I've read through your post a number of tiimes ...

Thanks for such a helpful and detailed post that is also quite motivating and interesting ...

Thanks again ...

Peter
 
  • #4
Hi Peter! It's good to see you back here after a long break.

GJA has answered your questions much better than I could, so I won't try to say much more. Just to reiterate: the key point is that the index $j$ is fixed, in the definitions of the sets $B'$ and $B''$. The idea is that you slice through the $j$th coordinate of the set $B$. In the case of GJA's orange and blue diagram, the $j$th coordinate is the $x$-coordinate, and the unit square is sliced through by the vertical line $x= 0.75$. Notice that the orange and blue sets form a partition of the unit square. They are not disjoint because they have a nonempty intersection, namely the line segment $\{(x,y) : x=0.75,\ 0\leqslant y\leqslant 1\}$. But that line segment has zero 2-dimensional volume, so Duistermaat and Kolk's definition of partition is satisfied.
 
  • #5
Thanks for a helpful post ... and a big thank you to you and GJA for all your help in the past ...

Especially helpful was the note about the non-empty intersection ... D&K mentioned intersections of zero volume and i wondered what they were referring to ... understand now ...

Absence was due to some health issues which are now being managed ...

Thanks again ...

Peter
 

FAQ: Help Needed with Determining B' in Proposition 6.1.2: A Case for n=2

What is Proposition 6.1.2?

Proposition 6.1.2 is a mathematical statement that makes a claim about a specific scenario or problem. In this case, it is discussing a case where the value of n is 2.

What does "determining B'" mean in this proposition?

In this context, "determining B'" refers to finding the value of B' in the given scenario. B' is a variable that represents a certain quantity or parameter in the problem.

How is this proposition relevant to the field of science?

This proposition is relevant to the field of science because it is a mathematical statement that can be used to make predictions or draw conclusions about a specific scenario. It may also be used in experiments or studies to test hypotheses.

Can you provide an example of how this proposition can be applied in real life?

One example of how this proposition can be applied in real life is in physics, specifically in the calculation of work done by a force. In this case, B' represents the force and n=2 represents the distance over which the force is applied.

What are the possible values of B' in this proposition?

The possible values of B' in this proposition will depend on the specific scenario or problem being discussed. It could be any real number, depending on the context and the given information.

Similar threads

Back
Top