How Do Magnetic Fields Influence Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Materials?

[SkyeSplash]

When a magnetic field is applied to a diamagnetic, the dipoles align opposite to the direction of the magnetic field. However, when a magnetic field is applied to a paramagnetic, the dipoles align to the same direction of the magnetic field.

My professor mentioned in class that the phenomenon of diamagnetic and paramagnetic dipole alignment is unexplained and challenged us to find some sort of factual backing for our explanation. I am asking for help, for guidance, for any ideas on this phenomenon.

Any suggestions?

 

[futz]

When an external field is applied to a diamagnetic substance, screening currents occur to oppose the external field; that is why the induced "dipoles" align opposite to the applied field. Paramagnetic behavior is due to permanent dipoles aligning to the field, reducing the total energy.

 

[Graeme Robinson]

One possible explanation for this phenomenon is based on the electron spin and orbital motion within the atoms of a material. In diamagnetic materials, all electrons are paired and their spins cancel out, resulting in no net magnetic moment. When a magnetic field is applied, the external field induces a small magnetic moment in the opposite direction, causing the dipoles to align opposite to the field.

On the other hand, in paramagnetic materials, there are unpaired electrons with non-zero spin. When a magnetic field is applied, these electrons align their spins in the same direction as the external field, resulting in a net magnetic moment and alignment of dipoles in the same direction as the field.

However, this explanation does not fully account for the behavior of ferromagnetic materials, which have a much stronger and more permanent alignment of dipoles. In these materials, the presence of localized magnetic domains and interactions between neighboring atoms play a significant role in the alignment of dipoles and the overall magnetic behavior.

Ultimately, the exact mechanisms behind the phenomenon of ferromagnetism are still being studied and researched, and there may not be a single, definitive explanation. As with many complex phenomena in physics, it is likely that a combination of factors and interactions contribute to the observed behavior. Further research and experimentation will continue to shed light on this fascinating phenomenon.