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Momentum is a physical quantity that measures an object's motion. It is calculated by multiplying an object's mass by its velocity.
Impulse is a force acting on an object for a certain amount of time. It is equal to the change in momentum of the object.
GPE stands for Gravitational Potential Energy. It is the potential energy an object has due to its position in a gravitational field.
In a closed system, the total momentum of all objects involved remains constant. This means that the initial momentum of the system is equal to the final momentum of the system.
GPE increases as an object's height increases in a gravitational field. This is because the higher an object is, the more potential energy it has due to its increased distance from the center of the Earth.