How to prove the convergence of a series with absolute values?

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In summary, there are several tests that can be used to determine the convergence of a series with absolute values. These include the Comparison Test, Cauchy Condensation Test, Root Test, Ratio Test, and Integral Test. Each of these tests involves comparing the given series to a known convergent or divergent series or finding the limit of a specific function. By using these tests, you can determine whether a series with absolute values is convergent or divergent.
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Euge
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Happy New Year everyone! Here is this week's POTW:

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If $\sum a_n$ is an absolutely convergent series of nonzero real numbers, prove that $\sum \dfrac{a_n^2}{1 + a_n^2}$ converges. If, in addition, $a_n \neq -1$ for all $n$, show that $\sum \dfrac{a_n}{1 + a_n}$ converges absolutely.

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No one answered this week's problem. You can read my solution below.

By the estimate $1 + a_n^2 \ge 2|a_n|$, the series $\sum \dfrac{a_n^2}{1 + a_n^2}$ is dominated by the convergent series $\dfrac{1}{2}\sum |a_n|$. By the comparison test $\sum \dfrac{a_n^2}{1 + a_n^2}$ converges. If $a_n \neq -1$ for all $n$ as well, then using the fact that $|a_n| < 1/2$ for all sufficiently large $n$, it follows that $$\left|\frac{a_n}{1 + a_n}\right| \le \frac{|a_n|}{1 - |a_n|} < 2|a_n|$$ for $n$ sufficiently large. Since $\sum 2 |a_n| < \infty$, by comparison the series $\sum \dfrac{a_n}{1 + a_n}$ converges absolutely.
 

FAQ: How to prove the convergence of a series with absolute values?

What is the definition of convergence for a series with absolute values?

The definition of convergence for a series with absolute values is that the series converges if the sum of the absolute values of its terms converges, meaning that the series approaches a finite limit as the number of terms approaches infinity.

How do you prove the convergence of a series with absolute values using the comparison test?

To prove the convergence of a series with absolute values using the comparison test, you must compare the series to a known convergent or divergent series. If the known series has the same behavior as the series with absolute values, then the series also converges or diverges accordingly.

Can the ratio test be used to prove the convergence of a series with absolute values?

Yes, the ratio test can be used to prove the convergence of a series with absolute values. The ratio test states that if the limit of the absolute value of the ratio of consecutive terms is less than 1, then the series converges absolutely.

Is it possible for a series with absolute values to converge conditionally but not absolutely?

Yes, it is possible for a series with absolute values to converge conditionally but not absolutely. This means that the series converges when the absolute values of its terms are summed, but the series does not converge when the terms themselves are summed.

How can you use the integral test to prove the convergence of a series with absolute values?

The integral test can be used to prove the convergence of a series with absolute values by comparing the series to the integral of a continuous function. If the integral converges, then the series also converges. However, the integral test only works for series with positive terms, so the series with absolute values must first be split into two separate series with positive terms.

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