Integrate Without Expanding Numerator

In summary, to solve $\displaystyle \int\frac{(x-1)^3}{x^2}dx$ without expanding the numerator, we can use substitution to simplify the integrand and then apply integration by parts multiple times to obtain the final result.
  • #1
paulmdrdo1
385
0
how to solve this without expanding the numerator.
$\displaystyle \int\frac{(x-1)^3}{x^2}dx$
 
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  • #2
paulmdrdo said:
how to solve this without expanding the numerator.
$\displaystyle \int\frac{(x-1)^3}{x^2}dx$
Not sure if this counts as cheating or not, but I'd say contract the numerator instead! (Bandit)

Substitute \(\displaystyle y=1-x\,\) \(\displaystyle \Rightarrow\)\(\displaystyle \int\frac{(x-1)^3}{x^2}\,dx=-\int\frac{y^3}{(1-y)^2}\,dy\)Full solution...

\(\displaystyle \frac{d}{dy}\frac{1}{(1-y)}=-\frac{1}{(1-y)^2}\)

\(\displaystyle \Rightarrow\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{y^3}{(1-y)}-3\int\frac{y^2}{(1-y)}
\,dy=\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{y^3}{(1-y)}-3\left[-y^2\log(1-y)+2\int y\log(1-y)\,dy\right]=\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{y^3}{(1-y)}+3y^2\log(1-y)-6\int y\log(1-y)\,dy\)For that last integral, use the same substitution as before to obtain

\(\displaystyle \int y\log(1-y)\,dy=-\int (1-y)\log y\,dy=-\frac{1}{y}+\int y\log y\,dy= \)

\(\displaystyle -\frac{1}{y}+\frac{y^2}{2}\log y-\frac{1}{2}\int y\,dy=\)

\(\displaystyle -\frac{1}{y}+\frac{y^2}{2}\log y-\frac{y^2}{4}\)

The final answer is then

\(\displaystyle \frac{y^3}{(1-y)}+3y^2\log(1-y)-6\left(-\frac{1}{y}+\frac{y^2}{2}\log y-\frac{y^2}{4}\right)=\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{y^3}{(1-y)}+3y^2\log(1-y)+\frac{6}{y}-3y^2\log y+\frac{3y^2}{2}\)
 
  • #3
no, your answer doesn't match the answer in my book.
 
  • #4
paulmdrdo said:
no, your answer doesn't match the answer in my book.

I haven't checked this myself but did you remember to back-substitute $x$ in for $y$? His final answer is in terms of $y$ but he made the initial substitution $y=1-x$.
 
  • #5
paulmdrdo said:
no, your answer doesn't match the answer in my book.
However, that doesn't make the one above incorrect. What form is given in your book? ;)
 
  • #6
the answer is in terms of x when expanding the numerator.
 
  • #7
OK, so here was my solution...
DreamWeaver said:
\(\displaystyle \frac{d}{dy}\frac{1}{(1-y)}=-\frac{1}{(1-y)^2}\)

\(\displaystyle \Rightarrow\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{y^3}{(1-y)}-3\int\frac{y^2}{(1-y)}
\,dy=\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{y^3}{(1-y)}-3\left[-y^2\log(1-y)+2\int y\log(1-y)\,dy\right]=\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{y^3}{(1-y)}+3y^2\log(1-y)-6\int y\log(1-y)\,dy\)For that last integral, use the same substitution as before to obtain

\(\displaystyle \int y\log(1-y)\,dy=-\int (1-y)\log y\,dy=-\frac{1}{y}+\int y\log y\,dy= \)

\(\displaystyle -\frac{1}{y}+\frac{y^2}{2}\log y-\frac{1}{2}\int y\,dy=\)

\(\displaystyle -\frac{1}{y}+\frac{y^2}{2}\log y-\frac{y^2}{4}\)

The final answer is then

\(\displaystyle \frac{y^3}{(1-y)}+3y^2\log(1-y)-6\left(-\frac{1}{y}+\frac{y^2}{2}\log y-\frac{y^2}{4}\right)=\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{y^3}{(1-y)}+3y^2\log(1-y)+\frac{6}{y}-3y^2\log y+\frac{3y^2}{2}\)
In the line just above that last one, the terms on the RHS encased in large brackets have already been back-substituted, so now I'll do the other bit:\(\displaystyle \frac{y^3}{(1-y)}+3y^2\log(1-y)-6\left(-\frac{1}{y}+\frac{y^2}{2}\log y-\frac{y^2}{4}\right)=\)\(\displaystyle \to\)\(\displaystyle \frac{(1-y)^3}{y}+3(1-y)^2\log y-6\left(-\frac{1}{y}+\frac{y^2}{2}\log y-\frac{y^2}{4}\right)=\)\(\displaystyle \frac{(1-y)^3}{y}+3(1-y)^2\log y+\frac{6}{y}-3y^2\log y+\frac{3y^2}{2}\)Also, y is a dummy variable here, much like your x, so the answer above is identical to

\(\displaystyle \frac{(1-x)^3}{x}+3(1-x)^2\log x+\frac{6}{x}-3x^2\log x+\frac{3x^2}{2}\)

Does that match your book?
 
  • #8
i tried to solve this by expanding the numerator of the integrand,

$\displaystyle\int\frac{(x-1)^3}{x^2}dx = \int \frac{(x^3-3x^2+3x-1)}{x^2}dx = \int\frac{x^3}{x^2}dx-3\int\frac{x^2}{x^2}dx+3\int\frac{x}{x^2}dx-\int\frac{dx}{x^2}$...

...$\displaystyle\int xdx-3\int dx+3\int\frac{1}{x}dx-\int\frac{dx}{x^2} = \frac{x^2}{2}-3x+3ln(x)+\frac{1}{x}+C$
 
Last edited:
  • #9
DreamWeaver said:
\(\displaystyle \frac{(1-x)^3}{x}+3(1-x)^2\log x+\frac{6}{x}-3x^2\log x+\frac{3x^2}{2}\)

Does that match your book?
I don't know what the book says, but yours is not correct.

bergausstein said:
...$\displaystyle\int xdx-3\int dx+3\int\frac{1}{x}dx-\int\frac{dx}{x^2} = \frac{x^2}{2}-3x+3ln(x)+\frac{1}{x}+C$
This one is correct.

-Dan
 
  • #10
I decided to just keep applying integration by parts until it wasn't needed anymore (i.e. three times):

First time: $u=(x-1)^3$, $dv=\dfrac{1}{x^2}\,dx \implies \,du=3(x-1)^2\,dx$ and $v=-\dfrac{1}{x}$.

Thus,

\[\int\frac{(x-1)^3}{x^2}\,dx = -\frac{(x-1)^3}{x} + 3\color{red}{\int\frac{(x-1)^2}{x}\,dx}\]

Second time: $u=(x-1)^2$, $dv = \dfrac{1}{x}\,dx\implies \,du=2(x-1)\,dx = (2x-2) \,dx$ and $v=\ln x$.

Thus,

\[\color{red}{\int\frac{(x-1)^2}{x}\,dx} = (x-1)^2\ln x - \int (2x-2)\ln x\,dx\]

and hence

\[\int\frac{(x-1)^3}{x^2}\,dx = -\frac{(x-1)^3}{x} + 3(x-1)^2\ln x - 3\color{blue}{\int(2x-2)\ln x\,dx}\]

Third time: $u=\ln x$, $dv = (2x-2)\,dx \implies \,du=\dfrac{1}{x}\,dx$ and $v=x^2-2x$.

Thus,

\[\begin{aligned}\color{blue}{\int(2x-2)\ln x \,dx} &= (x^2-2x)\ln x - \int \frac{x^2-2x}{x}\,dx\\ &= (x^2-2x)\ln x - \int x-2 \,dx \\ &= (x^2-2x)\ln x - \frac{x^2}{2} + 2x + C\end{aligned}\]

Therefore, by not expanding the numerator, we get

\[\int\frac{(x-1)^3}{x^2}\,dx = -\frac{(x-1)^3}{x} + 3(x-1)^2\ln x - 3(x^2-2x)\ln x + \frac{3}{2}x^2 -6x+C\]
 

FAQ: Integrate Without Expanding Numerator

What is the concept of "Integrate Without Expanding Numerator"?

The concept of "Integrate Without Expanding Numerator" refers to a technique in calculus where the numerator of a fraction is not expanded into individual terms before integrating. This is commonly used when the numerator contains a product of two or more functions, making it difficult to integrate using traditional methods.

Why would you use this technique?

This technique is used to simplify the integration process and make it easier to solve complex integrals. By not expanding the numerator, the integral can often be solved using simpler techniques such as substitution or integration by parts. It can also help avoid mistakes and save time when integrating.

What are the benefits of using "Integrate Without Expanding Numerator"?

The main benefit of using this technique is that it can simplify the integration process and make it easier to solve complex integrals. It can also help avoid mistakes and save time when integrating. Additionally, it can be used to solve integrals that are not solvable using traditional methods.

Are there any limitations to using this technique?

While "Integrate Without Expanding Numerator" can be a useful technique, it is not applicable in all cases. It is most effective when the numerator contains a product of two or more functions, but may not work for other types of integrals. Additionally, it may not always result in the most simplified solution.

Can you provide an example of "Integrate Without Expanding Numerator"?

Sure, for example, when integrating the function ∫(x+1)e^x dx, we can use the technique of "Integrate Without Expanding Numerator". Instead of expanding the numerator (x+1), we can leave it as is and integrate using substitution. The resulting integral is ∫(x+1)e^x dx = ∫ue^u du, which can be easily solved using integration by parts.

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