Electrons in excited states refer to electrons that have absorbed energy and moved to a higher energy level within an atom or molecule.
Electrons become excited when they absorb energy, either through heat, light, or other forms of radiation. This extra energy allows them to jump to a higher energy level.
One way to determine if an electron is in an excited state is by observing the spectrum of light emitted by the atom or molecule. Each element or compound has a unique emission spectrum, and the presence of specific wavelengths of light can indicate the presence of excited electrons.
When an electron in an excited state returns to its ground state, it releases the extra energy it absorbed in the form of light. This process is known as emission and is the basis for many analytical techniques such as fluorescence and atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Electrons in excited states are in an unstable, higher energy state. In order to achieve a more stable state, they release the extra energy and return to their ground state. This is similar to a ball rolling down a hill to reach a lower energy state.