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http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article5936330.eceScientists are on their way to the site of a large undersea volcano that has been erupting for days near Tonga, sending columns of smoke and ash thousands of feet into the sky above the Pacific Ocean.
The spectacular plumes are erupting from the ocean about six or seven miles (10 - 12 km) off the coast of the main island of Tongatapu, near the low-lying twin volcanic islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha'apai...
An underwater volcano erupts when molten rock, or magma, from the Earth's mantle rises to the surface and is released through an opening, or vent, on the ocean floor. This is usually caused by a buildup of pressure within the Earth's crust.
An underwater volcano, also known as a submarine volcano, forms on the ocean floor and releases lava and gases underwater. A land-based volcano forms on land and releases lava and gases into the air. Underwater volcanoes are typically smaller and produce more lava flows than explosive eruptions.
The hazards of an underwater volcano eruption include the release of toxic gases, formation of tsunamis, and the creation of new land masses. The heat and toxic gases can also harm marine life, and the ash and debris can affect air and water quality.
Scientists use a variety of methods to monitor underwater volcano eruptions, including remote sensing techniques, such as satellite imagery and sonar, as well as direct observations with submersibles and cameras. They also monitor changes in water temperature, pressure, and seismic activity to predict eruptions.
Underwater volcano eruptions are relatively common, with an estimated 5-10 eruptions occurring each year. However, many of these eruptions go unnoticed because they happen in remote areas of the ocean. Some underwater volcanoes are also constantly active, releasing small amounts of lava and gases over long periods of time.