Loss of Hölder continuity by solutions of the Euler equations

In summary, the paper discusses the phenomenon of loss of Hölder continuity in solutions to the Euler equations, which describe the motion of incompressible fluids. It examines how certain conditions can lead to solutions that fail to maintain a regular level of smoothness, particularly near singularities or in the presence of certain initial data. The findings contribute to the understanding of the mathematical properties and behavior of fluid dynamics, highlighting the complexities involved in ensuring regularity in solutions to the Euler equations.
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Coelum
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Homework Statement
Show that if the initial conditions [itex]u(0,x), x\in\mathbb R^3[/itex] for a three-dimensional shear flow are such that [itex]u_x(0,y,z)[/itex] is [itex]\gamma[/itex]-Holder continuous and [itex]u_y(z)[/itex] is [itex]\beta[/itex]-Holder continuous, then the solution [itex]u(t,x)[/itex] for [itex]t\neq 0[/itex] need not be any smoother than [itex]\alpha=\beta\gamma<\min\{\beta,\gamma\}[/itex].
[This is part of project 8.5 from Craig's "A Course on Partial Differential Equations", AMS 2018]
Relevant Equations
A function [itex]v(y):\mathbb R^d\rightarrow\mathbb R^d [/itex] is a Holder continuous function of [itex]y[/itex] with Holder exponent [itex]0<\beta<1[/itex] if [itex]\exists C_\beta\in\mathbb R: \forall y,y'\in\mathbb R^d[/itex]
[tex]\begin{equation*}
\lVert v(y)-v(y')\rVert\leq C_\beta\lVert y-y'\rVert^\beta.
\end{equation*}[/tex]
A shear flow in 3D takes the form
[tex]\begin{align*}
u_x(t,x,y,z)&=u_x(y - t u_y(z)) \\
u_y(t,x,y,z)&=u_y(z) \\
u_z(t,x,y,z)&=c
\end{align*}[/tex]
where c is a constant.
Our thesis can be restated as follows: [itex]\exists C_\alpha\in\mathbb R_+[/itex] s.t. [itex]\forall w\in\mathbb R^2_+[/itex]
[tex]\begin{align*}
\lVert u(t,w)-u(t,w')\rVert^2
\leq C_\alpha^2\lVert w-w'\rVert^{2\alpha}
\end{align*}[/tex]
where [itex]w=(y,z)[/itex] and [itex]\alpha=\beta\gamma[/itex].
We get an upper bound for each (squared) component of [itex]u(w)[/itex] by applying the Holder continuity conditions:
[tex]\begin{align*}
|u_x(t,w)-u_x(t,w')|^2&=|u_x(y-tu_y(z))-u_x(y'-tu_y(z'))|^2 \\
&\leq C_\gamma^2|(y-tu_y(z))-(y'-tu_y(z'))|^{2\gamma} \\
&\leq C_\gamma^2|(y-y')-t(u_y(z)-u_y(z'))|^{2\gamma} \\
&\leq C_\gamma^2|(y-y')-tC_\beta|z-z'|^\beta|^{2\gamma} \\
|u_y(t,w)-u_y(t,w')|^2&=|u_y(z)-u_y(z')|^2 \\
&\leq C_\beta^2|z-z'|^{2\beta} \\
|u_z(t,w)-u_z(t,w')|^2&=|c-c|^2 \\
&=0.
\end{align*}[/tex]
The RHS of the inequality we want to prove is bound by the sum of the bounds on each component:
[tex]\begin{equation*}
\lVert u(t,w)-u(t,w')\rVert^2
\leq C_\gamma^2[(y-y')-tC_\beta|z-z'|^\beta]^{2\gamma} + C_\beta^2|z-z'|^{2\beta} .
\end{equation*}[/tex]
Now, in order to prove our thesis, we need to show that [itex]\exists C_\alpha\in\mathbb R_+[/itex] such that
[tex]\begin{equation*}
C_\gamma^2[Y-tC_\beta|Z|^\beta]^{2\gamma} + C_\beta^2|Z|^{2\beta}
\leq C_\alpha^2[Y^2+Z^2]^{\beta\gamma}
\end{equation*}[/tex]
where we let [itex]Y=y-y', \; Z=|z-z'|[/itex].
Unfortunately, the last inequality is wrong - as it is easy to spot by letting [itex]Z=0[/itex].
 

FAQ: Loss of Hölder continuity by solutions of the Euler equations

What is Hölder continuity?

Hölder continuity is a property of functions that measures how uniformly continuous they are. A function f is said to be Hölder continuous with exponent α (0 < α ≤ 1) if there exists a constant C such that for all x and y in its domain, |f(x) - f(y)| ≤ C|x - y|^α. This means the function does not oscillate too wildly and has a controlled rate of change.

What are the Euler equations in fluid dynamics?

The Euler equations are a set of quasilinear hyperbolic equations governing the flow of an inviscid fluid. They consist of the continuity equation, the momentum equation, and, in some formulations, the energy equation. These equations describe the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in a fluid flow.

Why is Hölder continuity important for solutions of the Euler equations?

Hölder continuity is important for solutions of the Euler equations because it provides a measure of the smoothness of the fluid flow. Solutions that are Hölder continuous exhibit controlled behavior and are more predictable, making them easier to analyze and simulate. Loss of Hölder continuity can indicate the development of singularities or turbulent behavior in the fluid.

What does it mean for a solution of the Euler equations to lose Hölder continuity?

For a solution of the Euler equations to lose Hölder continuity means that the solution no longer satisfies the Hölder condition for any exponent α > 0. This can manifest as the formation of discontinuities, sharp gradients, or other irregularities in the fluid flow, often associated with phenomena like shocks or turbulence.

What are the implications of the loss of Hölder continuity in fluid dynamics?

The loss of Hölder continuity in fluid dynamics has significant implications. It can indicate the onset of turbulence, the formation of singularities, or other complex behaviors that are challenging to predict and analyze. This loss complicates both theoretical studies and numerical simulations, as standard methods may fail to accurately capture the behavior of the fluid under these conditions.

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