Newton's Cradle: Law of Conservation of Energy & Momentum

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The discussion focuses on Newton's cradle and the application of the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The first calculation determines the velocity of the first ball before impact using energy conservation, yielding a result of 0.7668 m/s. For the second part, momentum conservation is applied, leading to the same velocity for the final ball after the collision. Participants note that the height of the final ball is relevant, as it indicates energy loss in the system. The conversation suggests that the presence of intervening balls complicates momentum calculations, highlighting the need for a more refined approach to account for energy losses.
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Homework Statement


Newton's cradle. Each ball is 50 g. First ball is raised to 3.0 cm, and the final ball reaches 2.6 cm after the collision.
1) Use the law of conservation of energy to calculate its velocity before impact.
2) Use the law of conservation of momentum to determine the velocity of the ball on the other side after the collision.

Homework Equations


Ek + Ep = Ek + Ep (+ W; is W relevant here?)
m1v2 + m2v2 = m1v2' + m2v2'

The Attempt at a Solution


1) Ek + Ep = Ek + Ep
1/2mvi2 + mgh1 = 1/2mvf2 + mgh2
0 + (0.050kg)(9.80m/s2)(0.030m) = 1/2(0.050kg)vf2 + 0
vf = 0.7668 m/s

2) p = p'
m1v2 + m2v2 = m1v2' + m2v2'
(0.050kg)(0.7668m/s) + 0 = 0 + (0.050kg)v2'
v2' = 0.7668 m/s

Is the height of the final ball involved in any of the calculations? I feel like it should be, but I can't figure it out.
 
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The second question makes no sense to me.
You can find that velocity from the height reached by the final ball. We cannot find it by conservation of momentum because there are intervening balls, and we do not know what velocities they end up with. If everything were perfectly elastic, those velocities would be zero, but since the final ball does not reach the height the first ball started with, we know there are losses.
A better question would have been, assuming n intervening balls, all ending with the same velocity, find that velocity.
 
The book claims the answer is that all the magnitudes are the same because "the gravitational force on the penguin is the same". I'm having trouble understanding this. I thought the buoyant force was equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Weight depends on mass which depends on density. Therefore, due to the differing densities the buoyant force will be different in each case? Is this incorrect?

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