Perturbation Theory: Time-Independent, Non-Degenerate Results

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The discussion focuses on understanding the derivation of second-order terms in time-independent perturbation theory, specifically in relation to equations (32), (33), and (34) from the referenced document. The key point of confusion is how the potential terms are transformed into a summation format. The transition from the matrix element \langle n^{(0)}|V|n^{(1)} \rangle to the summation involving |V_{nm}|^2 and energy differences is clarified through substitution and manipulation of coefficients. It is noted that the hermitian nature of the potential plays a crucial role in the derivation, particularly in the sign change observed in the energy terms. Overall, the discussion emphasizes the mathematical relationships that underpin the perturbation theory results.
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time-independent, non-degenerate. I am referring to the following text, which I am reading:
http://www.pa.msu.edu/~mmoore/TIPT.pdf
On page 4, it represents the results of the 2nd order terms. In Eqs. (32), (33) and (34) I don't understand the second equality, i.e. basing on which formula he has turned the potential terms into a sum.
For example, in (32) how he got from \langle n^{(0)}|V|n^{(1)} \rangle to -\sum_{m\neq 0}\frac{|V_{nm}|^2}{E_{mn}}
 
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You substitute in the expression you found for the second order coefficients in the expansion.
The sum is something along the lines of

E_n^2 = \sum_{m \ne n} V_{n,m} c^1_m

and in the first approximation you find that c^1_m = \frac{V_n,m}{E_{m,n}} and you realize that V is hermitian and you multiply them together and get what you have, the negative sign comes from interchanging the m and n in the E_{m,n} = -E_{n,m} term after you hermitian conjugate c^1_m
 

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