Prove A is symmetric iff x*Ay = Ax*y

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In summary, we discussed how to prove that a matrix A is symmetric if and only if x*Ay = Ax*y for all x,y of R^n, where * denotes the dot product. Through a series of steps, we were able to prove the forward direction by assuming A is symmetric and showing that x*Ay = Ax*y. We then discussed how to approach the other direction and suggested using the fact that any matrix can be written as a sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric matrix. By choosing specific values for x and y, we were able to show that the skew symmetric matrix must be identically zero, thus proving that A is symmetric. We also mentioned the usefulness of Einstein summation notation in simplifying the proof.
  • #1
s_j_sawyer
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Hello everyone. This is my first official post here but I have been lurking around for about a year now.

Homework Statement


Prove that a matrix A is symmetric if and only if x*Ay = Ax*y for all x,y of R^n, where * denotes the dot product.


Homework Equations





The Attempt at a Solution



So I was able to do prove the forward direction, as follows:

Assume A is symmetric. Then

x*Ay = x^T A y
= x^T A^T y
= (Ax)^T y
= Ax * y as required.

However, I am completely stumped for the other direction. I.e., assuming x*Ay = Ax*y and then showing A = A^T.

Any suggestions?
 
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  • #2
have you tried writing out the products in subscript notation?
 
  • #3
oh, and g'day & welcome to PF ;)
 
  • #4
What is this subscript notation you speak of?

And thanks :)
 
  • #5
actually for your case, you probably don't even need to look at subscripts... how about just taking the transpose of one side of the equation, and working otowrads the other, similar to what you did for the first direction...
 
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  • #6
Oh I think I got it.

Here's what I did:

Assuming x*Ay = Ax*y,

(x*Ay)
= (Ax)^T y (by assumption)
= x^T A^T y
= x* (A^T y)

So we have (x * Ay) = x * (A^T y),
which implies A = A^T
and so A is symmetric.

Does this seem correct?
 
  • #7
s_j_sawyer said:
Oh I think I got it.

Here's what I did:

Assuming x*Ay = Ax*y,

(x*Ay)
= (Ax)^T y (by assumption)
= x^T A^T y
= x* (A^T y)

So we have (x * Ay) = x * (A^T y),
which implies A = A^T
and so A is symmetric.

Does this seem correct?

You are mixing and matching notation, and this is getting you in trouble.

Suggested route: Any matrix can be written as a sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric matrix (prove this). With this, you can express A as A=B+C, where B is symmetric and C is skew symmetric. Given that [itex]x\cdot(Ay) = (Ax)\cdot y[/tex], show that C must be identically zero.
 
  • #8
D H said:
You are mixing and matching notation, and this is getting you in trouble.

Can you explain? I don't see what is wrong with what I did.
 
  • #9
What you did wrong was to make the step from xTAy = xTATy to A = AT without justification. Each side of the first equality is a scalar involving nine terms. The second equality is in reality six distinct equations. That is a mighty big leap; you are going to need to justify it.
 
  • #10
D H said:
What you did wrong was to make the step from xTAy = xTATy to A = AT without justification. Each side of the first equality is a scalar involving nine terms. The second equality is in reality six distinct equations. That is a mighty big leap; you are going to need to justify it.

So you're saying x*Ay = x*By does not imply A = B?

Also, I've proven that any square matrix can be written as a sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric matrix (i.e. A = B + C, where A is nxn and B is symmetric, C is skew symmetric) but I can't seem to prove C = 0 using my original assumption x*Ay = Ax*y. I subbed in A = (B + C) and using B = B^T, C = -C^T but I can't get anywhere with that. Any hints?

Btw this isn't a homework problem. We were just given the theorem to use and the proof was an "exercise." How nice.
 
  • #11
s_j_sawyer said:
So you're saying x*Ay = x*By does not imply A = B?
Of course not. It's just a bit of a leap. Using Einstein sum notation, this says xiAijyj=xiBijyj for all x,y. So how to make this leap? One way is to choose x=er and y=es (unit vectors whose components are zero except for the rth and sth elements, respectively, which are one). With this choice the sum simplifies to Ars=Brs. Repeating this selection for all n2 combinations of r and s yields A=B.

Also, I've proven that any square matrix can be written as a sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric matrix (i.e. A = B + C, where A is nxn and B is symmetric, C is skew symmetric) but I can't seem to prove C = 0 using my original assumption x*Ay = Ax*y. I subbed in A = (B + C) and using B = B^T, C = -C^T but I can't get anywhere with that. Any hints?
Again using Einstein sum notation, one arrives at xi(Cij-Cji)yj=2xiCijyj=0. Using a similar selection mechanism as above, this says C=0.
 
  • #12
i think you guys are pretty much there, but thought i would add if you're a bit more careful with setting up your dot products as matrix multiplication, you can save some time...

so if x & y are real n x 1 column vectors, the dot product in matrix multiplication is
[tex] \textbf{x} \bullet \textbf{y} = \textbf{x}^T \textbf{y} [/tex]

the ineqaulity is
[tex] \textbf{x} \bullet (A\textbf{y}) = (A\textbf{x}) \bullet \textbf{y} [/tex]
in matrix multiplication
[tex] \textbf{x}^T (A\textbf{y}) = (A\textbf{x})^T \textbf{y} [/tex]
which becomes (transpose & associativity)
[tex] \textbf{x}^T A\textbf{y} = \textbf{x}^T A^T \textbf{y} [/tex]

Along with DHs comments i think that's pretty much it...

The subscript notation dsicussed with einstein summation is defintely worth learning & really makes life easier, particularly when for vector product idenitites and stuff, another tool in the toolbox & really saves time.
 

FAQ: Prove A is symmetric iff x*Ay = Ax*y

What is the definition of a symmetric matrix?

A matrix A is said to be symmetric if it is equal to its transpose, i.e. A = AT.

How can we prove that a matrix A is symmetric?

To prove that a matrix A is symmetric, we need to show that A = AT by checking that every element in A is equal to the corresponding element in AT.

What is the significance of proving that A is symmetric?

Proving that A is symmetric allows us to simplify calculations and reduce the number of unknowns in a system of equations. It also helps in identifying important properties of the matrix, such as its eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

How does proving A is symmetric relate to the equation x*Ay = Ax*y?

The equation x*Ay = Ax*y is a property of symmetric matrices. If A is symmetric, then this equation holds for any vectors x and y. Conversely, if this equation holds for all x and y, then A is symmetric.

Can we use the equation x*Ay = Ax*y to prove that A is symmetric?

Yes, we can use this equation to prove that A is symmetric. By substituting different values for x and y and showing that the equation holds, we can demonstrate that A is equal to its transpose and therefore symmetric.

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