Radioistope Power Systems (RPS) and Pu-238

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Radioisotope Power Systems - NASA One Step Closer to Fueling Space Missions with Plutonium-238
https://rps.nasa.gov/news/99/nasa-one-step-closer-to-fueling-space-missions-with-plutonium-238/
The recent shipment of heat source plutonium-238 from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Oak Ridge National Laboratory to its Los Alamos National Laboratory is a critical step toward fueling planned NASA missions with radioisotope power systems.

This shipment of 0.5 kilograms (a little over 1 pound) of new heat source plutonium oxide is the largest since the domestic restart of plutonium-238 production over a decade ago. It marks a significant milestone toward achieving the constant rate production average target of 1.5 kilograms per year by 2026.

Radioisotope power systems, or RPS, enable exploration of some of the deepest, darkest, and most distant destinations in the solar system and beyond. RPS use the natural decay of the radioisotope plutonium-238 to provide heat to a spacecraft in the form of a Light Weight Radioisotope Heater Unit (LWRHU), or heat and electricity in the form of a system such as the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG).

https://rps.nasa.gov/technology/

US DOE - What is a RPS? It basically uses decay heat (from nuclear decay) instead of a sustained fission chain reaction. The RPS is perpetually on, since decay cannot be stopped.
https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/what-radioisotope-power-system

How it is reported in the media
https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/tech...eignites-nasa-s-deep-space-dreams/ar-AA1klW9O
 
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FAQ: Radioistope Power Systems (RPS) and Pu-238

What is a Radioisotope Power System (RPS)?

A Radioisotope Power System (RPS) is a type of power generation device that uses the heat released by the decay of radioactive materials, such as plutonium-238 (Pu-238), to generate electricity. RPS units are commonly used in space missions to provide reliable and long-lasting power to spacecraft and instruments in environments where solar power is not feasible.

Why is Pu-238 used in Radioisotope Power Systems?

Pu-238 is used in Radioisotope Power Systems because it has several desirable properties: it has a relatively long half-life of 87.7 years, which means it can provide a steady supply of heat for many years; it emits primarily alpha particles, which are easily shielded; and it produces a significant amount of heat per unit mass, making it an efficient power source for long-duration space missions.

How is Pu-238 produced?

Pu-238 is typically produced in nuclear reactors by irradiating neptunium-237 (Np-237) with neutrons. The Np-237 captures a neutron to become Np-238, which then undergoes beta decay to form Pu-238. This process requires specialized facilities and is carried out under strict safety and regulatory controls.

What are the safety concerns associated with using Pu-238 in RPS?

While Pu-238 is a potent source of heat and energy, it is also a radioactive material, which poses safety concerns. The primary concern is ensuring that Pu-238 is securely contained to prevent release into the environment. RPS units are designed with robust containment systems to withstand the harsh conditions of space missions and potential accidents during launch or re-entry. Additionally, the alpha radiation emitted by Pu-238 is not highly penetrating and can be effectively shielded by the materials used in the RPS.

What are some examples of missions that have used RPS with Pu-238?

Several notable space missions have used RPS with Pu-238, including the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft, which have been exploring the outer planets and interstellar space since their launches in 1977. The Curiosity and Perseverance rovers on Mars also rely on RPS for power, allowing them to operate through the Martian night and winter. Additionally, the New Horizons mission to Pluto and beyond uses an RPS to power its instruments and communication systems.

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