Regarding Basis and Dual Basis

[simpleton]

Hi, I'm learning about vector spaces and I would like to ask some questions about it.

Suppose I have a vector space $V$, and a basis for $V \{v_1, ... v_n\}$. Then there is a dual space $V^*$ consisting all linear functions whose domain is $V$ and range is ℝ. Then the space $V^*$ has a dual basis $\{x_1 ... x_n\}$, and one way of constructing this dual basis is to let $x_i$ be a function that returns the $i^{th}$ coordinate of the vector when expressed in the given basis for $V$. The claim is that the span of these functions is equal to $V^*$, and therefore the space and dual space have the same dimension.

I have a few questions. My textbook states that any linear function on $V$ can be expressed as a linear combination of the coordinate functions, but it does not explain why. May I know why this is the case? I am assuming that this is because a linear function on a vector must be a linear combination of its coordinates, but I'm not sure if this must always be the case, since I think a linear function is merely defined to be something that is closed under addition and multiplication under scalars.

The textbook also says that the coordinate functions are linear independent. By this, I think they mean that if there exists a linear combination of the coordinate functions such that any input vector returns 0 on the equation, then the coefficients of all the coordinate functions must be 0. I think this makes sense, but may I know if I interpreted it correctly?

Finally, it is mentioned that given any dual basis $\{x_1...x_n\}$ of $V^*$, you can construct a basis for $V$, such that the dual basis acts as coordinate functions for the basis of $V$. By this, I think they mean that I can find a set $\{v_1...v_n\}$ such that $x_i(v_j) = 1$ iff $i = j$ and $x_i(v_j) = 0$ otherwise. But I'm not sure why this is true. I think that in order for this to be true, the following questions have to be answered.

1) Such a set $\{v_1...v_n\}$ exists.
2) Any vector in $V$ can be expressed as a linear combination of the vectors.
3) The constructed vectors are linearly independent.

I am not sure how 1) can be answered. I think 2) and 3) are actually the same question because we know that both $V$ and $V^*$ have the same dimension, and therefore both 2) and 3) have to be true at the same time so that the Linear Dependence Lemma is not violated. I am not sure how to prove 2), but I think I can prove 3). Suppose a linear combination exists, so $\Sigma a_iv_i = 0$ for some $a_1...a_n$. But if I apply $x_i$ to this linear combination, I will get $a_i = 0$ so in the end I deduce that all the coefficients are 0. May I know if there is a way to prove 2) directly?

Thank you very much!

 

[Tenshou]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M0LSkf8oX0&list=PL6AC5B357CF2ED373&index=2

Hope this video helps.

 

[HallsofIvy]

Let V be a vector space of dimension n. Then it has a basis $\{x_1, x_2, \cdot\cdot\cdot, x_n\}$. For i from 1 to n, we define $f_i$ by requiring that $f_i(x_j)= \delta_{ij}$. That is, $f_i(x_j)$ is equal to 1 if i= j, 0 if not. We define $f_i$ for any vector in V "by linearity": if $x= a_1x_1+ a_2x_2+ \cdot\cdot\cdot+ a_nx_n$ then $f_i(x)= a_1f_i(x_1)+ a_2f_i(x_2)+ \cdot\cdot\cdot+ a_nf_i(x_n)= a_i$.

Now, we show that this set of linear functions is a basis for V*. Suppose f is any linear function from V to its underlying field. For all i from 0 to n, let $a_i= f(x_i)$. Then it is easy to show that $f(x)= a_1f_1(x)+ a_2f_2(x)+ \cdot\cdot\cdot+ a_nf_n(x)$ so that $f= a_1f_1+ a_2f_2+ \cdot\cdot\cdot+ a_nf_n$. That is, this set of n linear functionals spans the entire space of all linear functionals on V.

Of course the linear functional f that takes all vectors in V to 0, in particular, takes all of the basis vectors, $x_i$, to 0 and so is $f= 0f_1+ 0f_2+ \cdot\cdot\cdot+ 0f_n$, showing that these functionals are independent.


(By the way, all of this requires that V be finite dimensional. Infinite dimensional vector spaces are not necessarily isomorphic to their duals.)

 

[simpleton]

Hi HallsofIvy,

Thank you very much for your reply! I understand now how the linear functions work. Could you help me with the second part as well? How do you prove that you can find a corresponding basis $\{v_1...v_n\}$ exists given the basis of the dual space?

 

[Fredrik]

This is how I like to do these things: First a few comments about notation.

I use the convention that basis vectors of V are written with indices downstairs, and components of vectors of V are written with indices upstairs. So we can write a basis for V as $\{e_i\}$, and if x is in V, we have $x=\sum_i x^i e_i$. But I'll write this as $x=x^i e_i$. The idea is that since there's always a sum over the indices that occur twice, and never a sum over other indices, it's a waste of time and space to type summation sigmas.

For members of V*, the convention for indices is the opposite. We'll write a basis as $\{e^i\}$, and if x is in V*, we'll write $x=x_i e^i$.

Since you're new at this, you may find it difficult to keep track of which symbols denote members of V and which symbols denote members of V*, so for your benefit, I will write members of V as $\vec x$ and members of V* as $\tilde x$. I found this notation helpful when I was learning this stuff, but I don't use it anymore. By the way, I'm going to omit some "for all" statements, in particular "for all i" and "for all j". I hope it will be obvious when I'm doing so.

Let $\{\vec e_i\}$ be an arbitrary basis for V. I like to define the dual basis $\{\tilde e^i\}$ by saying that for each i, $\tilde e^i$ is the member of V* such that $\tilde e^i(\vec e_j)=\delta^i_j$. For all $\vec x\in V$, we have
$$\tilde e^i(\vec x)=\tilde e^i(x^j\vec e_i)=x^j\tilde e^i(\vec e_j)=x^j\delta^i_j=x^i.$$ To prove that $\{\tilde e^i\}$ is a basis for V*, we must prove that it's a linearly independent set that spans V*. To see that it spans V*, let $\tilde y\in V^*$ be arbitrary. For all $\vec x\in V$,
$$\tilde y(\vec x)=\tilde y(x^i\vec e_i)=x^i\tilde y(\vec e_i)=\tilde e^i(\vec x)\tilde y(\vec e_i) =\tilde y(\vec e_i)\tilde e^i(\vec x) =\big(\tilde y(\vec e_i)\tilde e^i\big)(\vec x).$$ So $\tilde y=\tilde y(\vec e_i)\tilde e^i$. To see that $\{\tilde e^i\}$ is linearly independent, suppose that $a_i\tilde e^i=0$. Then $(a_i\tilde e^i)(\vec x)$ for all $\vec x\in V$. This implies that $(a_i\tilde e^i)(\vec e_j)=0$ for all j. So for all j,
$$0=(a_i\tilde e^i)(\vec e_j) =a_i \tilde e^i(\vec e_j)=a_i\delta^i_j=a_j.$$ So all the $a_i$ are 0.

Now let $\{\tilde e^i\}$ be an arbitrary basis for V*. We want to use this to construct a basis $\{\vec e_i\}$ for V such that $\tilde e^i(\vec e_j)=\delta^i_j$. Maybe there's a more direct approach, but this is the one I see immediately:

Let's write members of V** (the dual of V*) as $\overleftarrow x$. We will write the dual basis of $\{\tilde e_i\}$ as $\{\overleftarrow e_i\}$. Define a function $f:V\to V^{**}$ by $f(\vec x)(\tilde y)=\tilde y(\vec x)$. (Since $f(\tilde x)$ is in V**, it takes a member of V* as input). It's not hard to show that this f is an isomorphism. Then we can define the basis for V by $\vec e_i=f^{-1}(\overleftarrow e_i)$. Then we just verify that everything works out as intended.

 

[lavinia]

The vector space is isomorphic to the dual space of the dual space. Any vector v defines the linear map on dual vectors, l -> l(v).

The dual basis of the dual basis is the basis back again.