Set Containing Itself: X and {X}

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In summary, neither X \notin X nor \{X\} \in X are allowed in ZF. However, there are theories where both are allowed, such as ZF without the Axiom of Foundation. It is not possible to construct such a set in ZF without the Axiom of Foundation, as it would contradict the anti-foundation theorem. Specific axioms of anti-foundation may allow for such constructions, but the confusion lies in the use of the designator "X" representing both an element and a set. This violates the Axiom of Regularity, also known as the Axiom of Foundation, which is meant to prevent such expressions.
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A set is not allowed to has itself as a member: [tex]X \notin X[/tex]. But I wonder if this is allowed: [tex]\{X\} \in X[/tex].
 
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Outlined said:
A set is not allowed to has itself as a member: [tex]X \notin X[/tex]. But I wonder if this is allowed: [tex]\{X\} \in X[/tex].

Neither are allowed in ZF. But there are theories in which both are allowed -- for example, ZF without the Axiom of Foundation.
 
  • #3
It's not allowed since the set {{X},X} have no disjoint element of itself.
 
  • #4
CRGreathouse said:
Neither are allowed in ZF. But there are theories in which both are allowed -- for example, ZF without the Axiom of Foundation.

Is it possible to construct such a set in ZF without Axiom of Foundation?
 
  • #5
No -- such a construction would amount to a theorem of anti-foundation.

Specific axioms of anti-foundation may provide constructions, however.
 
  • #6
The confusion here, I think, is in the designator "X", where this letters is trying to stand for both an element as well as a set. {X} in X means the element X as a set is found within the set, which violates the axiom of regularity, otherwise called "axiom of foundation", designed to prevent such expressions.
 

FAQ: Set Containing Itself: X and {X}

What is a set containing itself?

A set containing itself is a mathematical concept where a set contains at least one element that is also a set. In other words, the set is an element of itself.

Why is a set containing itself important in mathematics?

A set containing itself is important because it allows for the creation of more complex mathematical structures and helps to define new concepts such as recursion and self-reference.

How is a set containing itself different from a regular set?

A regular set does not contain itself as an element, while a set containing itself does. This creates a unique relationship between the set and its elements.

Can a set contain itself multiple times?

No, a set can only contain itself once. If it were to contain itself multiple times, it would essentially become an infinite loop and not be a well-defined mathematical concept.

What are some real-world examples of a set containing itself?

One example is a set of subsets, where each subset is a set of elements from the original set. Another example is a family tree, where the set of parents contains itself as an element when a parent is also a grandparent to their own children.

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