Show that radial worldlines with u = const are outgoing null rays

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In summary, radial worldlines with constant four-velocity \( u = \text{const} \) represent outgoing null rays in spacetime. This is demonstrated by showing that the trajectory of these worldlines satisfies the null condition, meaning that the spacetime interval along the path is zero. The constancy of \( u \) implies that the worldlines maintain a fixed direction in a radial manner, reinforcing the notion that they correspond to light-like paths moving outward from a source.
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so_gr_lo
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Homework Statement
The transformation from Schwarzschild coordinates (t,r,θ,φ) to outgoing Eddington– Finkelstein coordinates (u, r′, θ′, φ′) is given by
u = t−r∗
r′ = r
θ′ = θ
φ′ = φ,
where r∗ satisfies dr∗/dr = (1−2M/r)−1. Use the rule for the coordinate transformation
of metric components to obtain the line element in the (u, r′, θ′, φ′) coordinates.

(b) Show that radial worldlines with u = const are outgoing null rays.

I have managed part a but am not sure how to show how the line element I have is null.

I have used the fact that u = t−r∗ suggests du=0 and ## d{\Omega}^2## = 0 to simplify the line element in (a) and give the result below. Does anyone know how I can show that the result is null?
Relevant Equations
u = t−r∗
r∗ satisfies dr∗/dr = (1−2M/r)−1
$$ ds^2 = -(1-\frac{2M}{r'})(\frac{\frac{r'}{2M} -1+2M}{\frac{r'}{2M}-1})(dr')^2+(1-\frac{2M}{r'})^-1 (dr')^2 $$
 
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With ##u = t-r_{\star}## you have $$du = dt - \frac{dr}{(1-\tfrac{2M}{r})}$$You rearrange this for ##dt## and stick that into the line element in Schwarzshild coordinates. You end up with the outgoing Eddington Finkelstein line element,$$ds^2 = -(1-\tfrac{2M}{r}) du^2 - 2du dr + r^2 d\Omega^2$$Manifestly, constant ##u## (##du = 0##) and radial motion (##d\theta = d\phi = 0##) corresponds to ##ds^2 = 0##.

Why outgoing? In terms of the Regge-Wheeler coordinate, the line element is ##ds^2 = -(1-\tfrac{2M}{r})[-dt^2 + dr_{\star}^2] + r^2 d\Omega^2##. That means radial null geodesics correspond to ##dt/dr_{\star} = \pm 1##, or equivalently ##t \mp r_{\star} = \mathrm{const}## along radial null geodesics. The minus-sign option is outgoing, i.e. ##u := t-r_{\star} = \mathrm{const}## along the outgoing radial null geodesics.
 

FAQ: Show that radial worldlines with u = const are outgoing null rays

What is a radial worldline?

A radial worldline is a path in spacetime that represents the motion of an object moving directly outward from a central point, such as a star or black hole, along a straight line in a radial direction. In the context of general relativity, it is typically described in spherical coordinates where the radial coordinate changes while the angular coordinates remain constant.

What does it mean for a worldline to have u = const?

In the context of worldlines, "u" generally refers to the four-velocity of a particle or observer. When we say u = const, we mean that the four-velocity is constant along the worldline, indicating that the particle is moving at a constant speed in the radial direction without acceleration.

What are outgoing null rays?

Outgoing null rays are paths in spacetime that represent light or other massless particles moving away from a source. These rays have a specific property: their spacetime interval is zero, which means they travel at the speed of light. In a curved spacetime, outgoing null rays correspond to the trajectories of light emanating from a source, such as a star, moving outward into the surrounding space.

How can we show that radial worldlines with u = const are outgoing null rays?

To show that radial worldlines with u = const are outgoing null rays, we can analyze the spacetime interval for such worldlines. We express the four-velocity in terms of the metric of the spacetime, ensuring that it satisfies the condition for null rays (i.e., the spacetime interval is zero). By demonstrating that the condition holds for constant radial motion, we conclude that these worldlines indeed represent outgoing null rays.

What is the significance of outgoing null rays in general relativity?

Outgoing null rays are significant in general relativity because they represent the paths of light and other massless particles in a curved spacetime. They help us understand the propagation of signals, causal structures, and the behavior of gravitational fields. Analyzing outgoing null rays is crucial for studying phenomena such as gravitational waves, black holes, and the expansion of the universe.

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