Special relativity, circular motion

In summary, a charged particle moving at a constant speed in a perpendicular magnetic field will experience a centripetal force that can be calculated using the classical equation or the relativistic equation, depending on the speed of the particle. The latter takes into account the particle's relativistic mass and the Lorentz force in a non-inertial frame.
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Homework Statement


A charged particle (mass [itex]m[/itex], charge [itex]q[/itex]) is moving with constant speed [itex]v[/itex]. A magnetic field [itex]\vec{B}[/itex] is perpendicular to the velocity of the particle. Find the strength of the field required to hold the particle on a circular orbit of radius [itex]R[/itex].


Homework Equations


[itex]\vec{F} = q\vec{v} \times \vec{B}[/itex]
[itex]\vec{F} = m\vec{a}_c[/itex]


The Attempt at a Solution


Well, I know that in the "classical" case this is fairly easy. One just sets

[itex]qvB = ma[/itex],

and since [itex]a = \frac{v^2}{R}[/itex], one gets

[itex]qvB = m \frac{v^2}{R}[/itex]
[itex] \Rightarrow B = \frac{mv}{qR}[/itex]

However, I am not sure if I can use this here, because the particle is assumed to be traveling at close to the speed of light. I have read somewhere that I should use the relativistic mass in the calculation of the centripetal force, i.e.

[itex]F = \frac{\gamma m v^2}{R}[/itex],

but I am not sure why this is the case. Could anyone help?
 
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  • #2
One way to see this is go into the momentarily comoving frame (not an inertial frame, obviously) of the particle. In this frame, the particle is at rest so the Lorentz force only comes from the electric field in this frame, which is: [itex]q E^{\prime} = \gamma q \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}[/itex]
So it experiences a force which is perpendicular to both [itex]\mathbf{v}[/itex] and [itex]\mathbf{B}[/itex] with the [itex]\gamma[/itex] as promised.
 

FAQ: Special relativity, circular motion

What is special relativity?

Special relativity is a theory in physics developed by Albert Einstein that explains how objects move at speeds close to the speed of light and how time and space are related. It also shows that the laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion.

How does special relativity affect circular motion?

Special relativity has important implications for circular motion. It shows that as an object's speed increases, its mass also increases, making it more difficult to accelerate. This results in the object's path becoming more curved, leading to an increase in centripetal force required to maintain a circular motion.

What is the difference between special relativity and general relativity?

Special relativity deals with the laws of physics in inertial frames of reference, where there is no acceleration. General relativity, on the other hand, expands on special relativity by including the effects of gravity and acceleration on the laws of physics.

Can special relativity be proved experimentally?

Yes, special relativity has been proven through various experiments, such as the famous Michelson-Morley experiment which showed that the speed of light is the same in all inertial frames of reference. Additionally, many modern technologies, such as GPS, rely on the principles of special relativity for accurate measurements.

What are some real-world applications of special relativity?

Special relativity has many practical applications, including GPS technology, particle accelerators, and nuclear power plants. It also helps scientists understand the behavior of objects at high speeds, such as in space travel, and has led to the development of technologies like MRI machines.

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