When coloring a cube's six faces with two colors, black and white, the initial calculation suggests 64 combinations. However, due to symmetry and indistinguishable patterns, the actual number of unique colorings is reduced to 10. This includes variations for all-black, all-white, and combinations of black and white faces, considering adjacent and non-adjacent placements. The discussion highlights the application of Burnside's theorem for counting these patterns, although there is some confusion regarding Polya's theorem and its derivation. Overall, the key takeaway is that the unique color patterns for the cube total 10.