The equivalent lagrangian and the derivative

The second thing is that you must not forget to use the Leibniz rule in taking derivatives of a product of two tensor densities. If you are not familiar with this rule, you must know that it is by no means the product rule of differentiation you may know from your school. Here is the rule:\frac{\
  • #1
shadi_s10
89
0
hi everyone!
I have just posted a thread which was about the equivalent lagrangian.

and I think I have another problem with it too!

again in section 11.6 d'inverno, it is said that if you use equation 11.37 then you can achive

(∂L ̅)/(∂g_(,c)^ab )=Γ_ab^c-1/2 δ_a^c Γ_bd^d-1/2 δ_b^c Γ_ad^d

[I couldn't type it well.this is not L. this is L^- as you can see in the book.]

I couldn't achieve this and here is what I did.I combined 11.39 and 11.36 and I got:

2L ̅=-g_(,c)^ab Γ_ab^c+g_(,b)^ab Γ_ac^c
so
L ̅=1/2{-g_(,c)^ab Γ_ab^c+g_(,b)^ab Γ_ac^c}

(∂L ̅)/(∂g_(,c)^ab )=1/2(∂̅)/(∂g_(,c)^ab ){-g_(,c)^ab Γ_ab^c+g_(,b)^ab Γ_ac^c}

=1/2[-Γ_ab^c-g_(,c)^ab ∂/(∂g_(,c)^ab ) Γ_ab^c+δ_c^b Γ_ac^c+g_(,b)^ab ∂/(∂g_(,c)^ab ) Γ_ac^c]

and here is the problem:
what should I do with the term ∂/(∂g_(,c)^ab ) Γ_ab^c ?

once I tried to use equation 11.41 but it really didn't work!
 
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  • #2
shadi_s10 said:
hi everyone!
I have just posted a thread which was about the equivalent lagrangian.

and I think I have another problem with it too!

again in section 11.6 d'inverno, it is said that if you use equation 11.37 then you can achive

(∂L ̅)/(∂g_(,c)^ab )=Γ_ab^c-1/2 δ_a^c Γ_bd^d-1/2 δ_b^c Γ_ad^d

[I couldn't type it well.this is not L. this is L^- as you can see in the book.]

I couldn't achieve this and here is what I did.I combined 11.39 and 11.36 and I got:

2L ̅=-g_(,c)^ab Γ_ab^c+g_(,b)^ab Γ_ac^c
so
L ̅=1/2{-g_(,c)^ab Γ_ab^c+g_(,b)^ab Γ_ac^c}

(∂L ̅)/(∂g_(,c)^ab )=1/2(∂̅)/(∂g_(,c)^ab ){-g_(,c)^ab Γ_ab^c+g_(,b)^ab Γ_ac^c}

=1/2[-Γ_ab^c-g_(,c)^ab ∂/(∂g_(,c)^ab ) Γ_ab^c+δ_c^b Γ_ac^c+g_(,b)^ab ∂/(∂g_(,c)^ab ) Γ_ac^c]

and here is the problem:
what should I do with the term ∂/(∂g_(,c)^ab ) Γ_ab^c ?

once I tried to use equation 11.41 but it really didn't work!

Ughhh! That is a very long calculation that only must be done through starting from the equation (11.38). You don't have any other alternative and your calculation, I think, is based on the wrong derivative [tex]\frac{\partial} {\partial g^{ab}_{,c}}[/tex] whereas (11.43) says that is [tex]\frac{\partial} {\partial \mbox{g}^{ab}_{,c}}[/tex].

AB
 
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  • #3
Why working with (11.38)?
what I mean is that I don't know either (∂̅)/(∂g_(,c)^ab )of Γ_ab^c or (∂̅)/(∂g_(,c)^ab ) of g^ab !
Why my way is wrong?
I'm just using the equations and by playing with them I can derive L bar.
can you tell me why it should only be done through starting from (11.38)?
 
  • #4
shadi_s10 said:
Why working with (11.38)?
what I mean is that I don't know either (∂̅)/(∂g_(,c)^ab )of Γ_ab^c or (∂̅)/(∂g_(,c)^ab ) of g^ab !
Why my way is wrong?
I'm just using the equations and by playing with them I can derive L bar.
can you tell me why it should only be done through starting from (11.38)?

What are you taking derivative of g^ab or Γ_ab^c with respect to? The point is that I don't know what exactly you mean by (∂)/(∂g_(,c)^ab)! If it is the derivative wrt to g^{ab}_{,c}, then we have

(∂g^ab)/(∂g_(,c)^ab)= 0 and

http://img136.imageshack.us/img136/9596/cascyy.jpg

But if it is the derivative wrt to [tex]\mbox{g}^{ab}_{,c}[/tex] where [tex]\mbox{g}^{ab}[/tex] being a contravariant density, so rest assured that both of the aforementioned derivatives vanish.

Please clarify for me what are you looking for.
 
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  • #6
shadi_s10 said:
ok let me see.
what I'm trying to say is that if I start from equation 11.38 I have to deal with some terms like:
http://img233.imageshack.us/img233/6646/35543565.jpg

so as you said I have:

http://img233.imageshack.us/img233/4886/99286885.jpg

which is clearly zero! as
http://img233.imageshack.us/img233/6646/35543565.jpg


and I don't know what to do!
:cry:

No! You didn't notice that here we are given a product of [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}[/tex] and Christoffel symbols. So your treatment doesn't seem to be true as you first need to multiply [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}[/tex] by each term in parenthesis and decompose the tensor density and expand Christoffel symbols to acquire terms including [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}[/tex].

Please give it a go again and if you were unable to get the result, I would start with the details of this long calculation.
 
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  • #7
Okay! Let's start with some crucial remarks:

1- In an early post here, I explained how one can take the derivative of Christoffel symbols wrt the [tex]g^{ab}_{,c}[/tex]. Here we will need the derivatives of [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}[/tex] wrt [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}[/tex] which can be computed in a similar way. Assume that the indices a and b of one of the tensor densities above differ from another, say, we want to calculate

[tex]\frac{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{hk}_{,c}}[/tex].

Since h and k are upper indices in the denominator of the differential fraction, so they would appear as covariant indices on the other side and the inverse is true for the lower index c. So the result of differentiation clearly is [tex]\delta^{a}_{h}\delta^{b}_{k}\delta^{f}_{c}[/tex]. Now what about when one gets back to h=a and b=k? Here the situation is slightly different and must be treated acutely: if I were not smart enough to get over this thing, I would arrive at a seriously erroneous result of [tex]\delta^{a}_{a}\delta^{b}_{b}\delta^{f}_{c}=4\times4\delta^{f}_{c}[/tex] where the sum has been done over the dummy indices running from 0 to 3. (I've even seen many don't sum over the repeated indices and think they got something based upon the definition of Kronecker delta so they immediately turn to putting [tex]\delta^{a}_{a}=1[/tex].) The blind spot of this illogic calculation is that you are not allowed to substitue Kronecker deltas for one-to-one dummy indices during differentiation. Another important remark to be made here is that if the metric is supposed to be symmetric (as is in the treatment of GR by looking at the symmetry of its affine connections, or the so-called Christoffel symbols), then an exchange of a and b of one of the [tex]g[/tex]'s does make no difference, which means

[tex]\frac{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}} = \delta^{c}_{f}=\frac{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ba}_{,c}}[/tex].

This readily states that the symmetry of [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}[/tex] in a and b counts as one in any case after differentiation.

2- The aim of calculation is to recover terms including [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}[/tex] in the equation (11.38) of D'inverno's book without leaving any term which would cancel 'em out. Taking the derivative of any other term identified as being different or indicative of other nature would make them disappear after all.

Still continues...
 
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  • #8
Now we want to proceed to derive the equation

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ab}\equiv\frac{\partial \bar{\mathfrank{L}}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}} =\Gamma^{c}_{ab}-1/2(\delta^{c}_b\Gamma^{d}_{ad}+\delta^{c}_a\Gamma^{d}_{bd})[/tex]. (1)

To do so, first we drag some stuff from D'inverno's book right in here to pervent writing too much and spending more time on giving proofs that I bet it could be annoying and knocking off attaining your attention toward the rest of the subject. The following is the equation (11.41) in his book which actually describes that the contravariant density [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}[/tex] is covariantly constant:

[tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}=\Gamma^{d}_{cd}\mathfrak{g}^{ab}-\Gamma^{a}_{cd}\mathfrak{g}^{bd}-\Gamma^{b}_{cd}\mathfrak{g}^{ad}[/tex]. (2)

Here putting b=c reduces this equation to the useful relation

[tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,b}=-\Gamma^{a}_{bd}\mathfrak{g}^{bd}[/tex], (3)

that will be used in our later calculations.

In D'inverno's book the function [tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}[/tex] is defined as

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}=\mathfrak{g}^{ab}(-\Gamma^{c}_{ab}\Gamma^{d}_{cd}+\Gamma^{d}_{ac}\Gamma^{c}_{bd})[/tex]. (4)

Well, I don't know how he does get to this equation with a wrong sign, but to reach (1) it is only possible to start with a different sign other than that given to us by D'inverno. (Perhaps it is just a typo or something though that wouldn't sound rational as when you drop a sign or type incorrectly, that wouldn't happen two times in one short line and shockingly in a single file). So I'm gently going to use this last equation with a (-1) multiplied by just the right-hand side of it.

Re-write (4) as

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}=(\mathfrak{g}^{ab}\Gamma^{c}_{ab})\Gamma^{d}_{cd}-\Gamma^{d}_{ac}(\Gamma^{c}_{bd}\mathfrak{g}^{ab}).[/tex]

Now introduce into this equation the corresponding expressions of [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}\Gamma^{c}_{ab}[/tex] and [tex]\Gamma^{c}_{bd}\mathfrak{g}^{ab}[/tex] from (3) and (2), respectively:

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}=-\mathfrak{g}^{kf}_{,f}\Gamma^{d}_{kd}-\Gamma^{d}_{kf}(\Gamma^{h}_{hd}\mathfrak{g}^{kf}-\Gamma^{k}_{hd}\mathfrak{g}^{hf}-\mathfrak{g}^{kf}_{,d})=[/tex]
[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}=-\mathfrak{g}^{kf}_{,f}\Gamma^{d}_{kd}+\Gamma^{d}_{kf}\mathfrak{g}^{kf}_{,d}+ other\ terms.[/tex] (5)

Here "other terms" do not contain any derivatives of the dual metric density so they won't contribute to [tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ab}[/tex]. Thus by making use of the first remark we talked about in an early post, we have from (5)

[itex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ab}=-\delta^{k}_{a}\delta^{f}_{b}\delta^{c}_{f}\Gamma^{d}_{kd}+\delta^{k}_{a}\delta^{f}_{b}\delta^{c}_{d}\Gamma^{d}_{kf}=-\delta^{c}_{b}\Gamma^{d}_{ad}+\Gamma^{c}_{ab}[/itex]. (6)

As we anticipated winding up with (1), we would have been done through getting (6) after differentiation. But wait a minute. Let's be more patient and check if we are missing something. The missing point would be found in the second half of the remark 1 where one hits the problem of symmetry. If the equation (6) goes right through the test of symmetry it flunks because of the first term on the right side. We do know nothing as to whether [tex]\delta^{c}_{b}\Gamma^{d}_{ad} [/tex] is symmetric in a,b or not: we just know that the metric is symmetric so are the Christoffel symbols and so is the metric density and [tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ab}[/tex]. So what should we do? As the second term is symmetric in a,b, adding a term of the form [tex]\delta^{c}_{a}\Gamma^{d}_{bd} [/tex] to the right-hand side would be enough to attain the symmetry but this is illicit; nothing can pop out of nowhere in an equation. What about testing [tex]\frac{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}} = \delta^{c}_{f}=\frac{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ba}_{,c}}[/tex]? Let's do it:

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ba}=-\delta^{k}_{b}\delta^{f}_{a}\delta^{c}_{f}\Gamma^{d}_{kd}+\delta^{k}_{b}\delta^{f}_{a}\delta^{c}_{d}\Gamma^{d}_{kf}=-\delta^{c}_{a}\Gamma^{d}_{bd}+\Gamma^{c}_{ba}[/tex].

Adding the sides of this equation with those of (6) correspondingly yields

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ab}=-1/2(\delta^{c}_{a}\Gamma^{d}_{bd}+\delta^{c}_{b}\Gamma^{d}_{ad})+\Gamma^{c}_{ab}[/tex]

which is (1) and of course has symmetry with respect to indices a and b. Q.E.D.

AB
 
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  • #9
Altabeh said:
Okay! Let's start with some crucial remarks:

1- In an early post here, I explained how one can take the derivative of Christoffel symbols wrt the [tex]g^{ab}_{,c}[/tex]. Here we will need the derivatives of [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}[/tex] wrt [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}[/tex] which can be computed in a similar way. Assume that the indices a and b of one of the tensor densities above differ from another, say, we want to calculate

[tex]\frac{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{hk}_{,c}}[/tex].

Since h and k are upper indices in the denominator of the differential fraction, so they would appear as covariant indices on the other side and the inverse is true for the lower index c. So the result of differentiation clearly is [tex]\delta^{a}_{h}\delta^{b}_{k}\delta^{f}_{c}[/tex]. Now what about when one gets back to h=a and b=k? Here the situation is slightly different and must be treated acutely: if I were not smart enough to get over this thing, I would arrive at a seriously erroneous result of [tex]\delta^{a}_{a}\delta^{b}_{b}\delta^{f}_{c}=4\times4\delta^{f}_{c}[/tex] where the sum has been done over the dummy indices running from 0 to 3. (I've even seen many don't sum over the repeated indices and think they got something based upon the definition of Kronecker delta so they immediately turn to putting [tex]\delta^{a}_{a}=1[/tex].) The blind spot of this illogic calculation is that you are not allowed to substitue Kronecker deltas for one-to-one dummy indices during differentiation. Another important remark to be made here is that if the metric is supposed to be symmetric (as is in the treatment of GR by looking at the symmetry of its affine connections, or the so-called Christoffel symbols), then an exchange of a and b of one of the [tex]g[/tex]'s does make no difference, which means

[tex]\frac{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}} = \delta^{c}_{f}=\frac{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ba}_{,c}}[/tex].

This readily states that the symmetry of [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}[/tex] in a and b counts as one in any case after differentiation.

2- The aim of calculation is to recover terms including [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}[/tex] in the equation (11.38) of D'inverno's book without leaving any term which would cancel 'em out. Taking the derivative of any other term identified as being different or indicative of other nature would make them disappear after all.

Still continues...


Hi my dear friend!
thanks for being so patient and helping me.

I have a serious problem
I wrote numbers beside them

EZu0i.jpg



1)how did you change
1L2ICA.jpg
with
EZa39.jpg

and what is the minus sign for?!

2) why do you rule out this term?! I do not understand it.
 
  • #10
Altabeh said:
Now we want to proceed to derive the equation

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ab}\equiv\frac{\partial \bar{\mathfrank{L}}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}} =\Gamma^{c}_{ab}-1/2(\delta^{c}_b\Gamma^{d}_{ad}+\delta^{c}_a\Gamma^{d}_{bd})[/tex]. (1)

To do so, first we drag some stuff from D'inverno's book right in here to pervent writing too much and spending more time on giving proofs that I bet it could be annoying and knocking off attaining your attention toward the rest of the subject. The following is the equation (11.41) in his book which actually describes that the contravariant density [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}[/tex] is covariantly constant:

[tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}=\Gamma^{d}_{cd}\mathfrak{g}^{ab}-\Gamma^{a}_{cd}\mathfrak{g}^{bd}-\Gamma^{b}_{cd}\mathfrak{g}^{ad}[/tex]. (2)

Here putting b=c reduces this equation to the useful relation

[tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,b}=-\Gamma^{a}_{bd}\mathfrak{g}^{bd}[/tex], (3)

that will be used in our later calculations.

In D'inverno's book the function [tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}[/tex] is defined as

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}=\mathfrak{g}^{ab}(-\Gamma^{c}_{ab}\Gamma^{d}_{cd}+\Gamma^{d}_{ac}\Gamma^{c}_{bd})[/tex]. (4)

Well, I don't know how he does get to this equation with a wrong sign, but to reach (1) it is only possible to start with a different sign other than that given to us by D'inverno. (Perhaps it is just a typo or something though that wouldn't sound rational as when you drop a sign or type incorrectly, that wouldn't happen two times in one short line and shockingly in a single file). So I'm gently going to use this last equation with a (-1) multiplied by just the right-hand side of it.

Re-write (4) as

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}=(\mathfrak{g}^{ab}\Gamma^{c}_{ab})\Gamma^{d}_{cd}-\Gamma^{d}_{ac}(\Gamma^{c}_{bd}\mathfrak{g}^{ab}).[/tex]

Now introduce into this equation the corresponding expressions of [tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}\Gamma^{c}_{ab}[/tex] and [tex]\Gamma^{c}_{bd}\mathfrak{g}^{ab}[/tex] from (3) and (2), respectively:

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}=-\mathfrak{g}^{kf}_{,f}\Gamma^{d}_{kd}-\Gamma^{d}_{kf}(\Gamma^{h}_{hd}\mathfrak{g}^{kf}-\Gamma^{k}_{hd}\mathfrak{g}^{hf}-\mathfrak{g}^{kf}_{,d})=[/tex]
[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}=-\mathfrak{g}^{kf}_{,f}\Gamma^{d}_{kd}+\Gamma^{d}_{kf}\mathfrak{g}^{kf}_{,d}+ other\ terms.[/tex] (5)

Here "other terms" do not contain any derivatives of the dual metric density so they won't contribute to [tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ab}[/tex]. Thus by making use of the first remark we talked about in an early post, we have from (5)

[itex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ab}=-\delta^{k}_{a}\delta^{f}_{b}\delta^{c}_{f}\Gamma^{d}_{kd}+\delta^{k}_{a}\delta^{f}_{b}\delta^{c}_{d}\Gamma^{d}_{kf}=-\delta^{c}_{b}\Gamma^{d}_{ad}+\Gamma^{c}_{ab}[/itex]. (6)

As we anticipated winding up with (1), we would have been done through getting (6) after differentiation. But wait a minute. Let's be more patient and check if we are missing something. The missing point would be found in the second half of the remark 1 where one hits the problem of symmetry. If the equation (6) goes right through the test of symmetry it flunks because of the first term on the right side. We do know nothing as to whether [tex]\delta^{c}_{b}\Gamma^{d}_{ad} [/tex] is symmetric in a,b or not: we just know that the metric is symmetric so are the Christoffel symbols and so is the metric density and [tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ab}[/tex]. So what should we do? As the second term is symmetric in a,b, adding a term of the form [tex]\delta^{c}_{a}\Gamma^{d}_{bd} [/tex] to the right-hand side would be enough to attain the symmetry but this is illicit; nothing can pop out of nowhere in an equation. What about testing [tex]\frac{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}} = \delta^{c}_{f}=\frac{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,f}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ba}_{,c}}[/tex]? Let's do it:

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ba}=-\delta^{k}_{b}\delta^{f}_{a}\delta^{c}_{f}\Gamma^{d}_{kd}+\delta^{k}_{b}\delta^{f}_{a}\delta^{c}_{d}\Gamma^{d}_{kf}=-\delta^{c}_{a}\Gamma^{d}_{bd}+\Gamma^{c}_{ba}[/tex].

Adding the sides of this equation with those of (6) correspondingly yields

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}^{c}_{ab}=-1/2(\delta^{c}_{a}\Gamma^{d}_{bd}+\delta^{c}_{b}\Gamma^{d}_{ad})+\Gamma^{c}_{ab}[/tex]

which is (1) and of course has symmetry with respect to indices a and b. Q.E.D.

AB


hi my friend!
I have a quaestion
what do mean by 'covariantly constant'?

and thanks for the rest
I understood all the rest!
:rolleyes:
 
  • #11
Hi

EZu0i.jpg


1)how did you change
1L2ICA.jpg
with
EZa39.jpg

and what is the minus sign for?!

Please be a little bit more stringent on the use of metric tensor [tex]g_{ab}[/tex] and metric density [tex]\mathfrak{g}_{ab}[/tex]. All of g's in the my picture are of the nature of metric tensor, not metric density as your pictures show. There I have made use of the fact that the derivative of Kronecker delta vanishes:

[tex]g^{cf}g_{af,b} = (g^{cf}g_{af})_{,b} - g^{cf}_{,b}g_{af} = (\delta^{c}_{f})_{,b} - g^{cf}_{,b}g_{af} = -g^{cf}_{,b}g_{af}.[/tex] (1)

2) why do you rule out this term?! I do not understand it.

Because it cannot be written in pure terms of [tex]g^{cf}_{,f}[/tex] in the sense that if I took the path of (1) for the last term, then it would not appear to have a vanishing term, basically including a delta as in (1). So the whole term [tex]g^{cf}g_{ab,f}[/tex] won't contribute to the derivative. (Just try to write down the calculation (1) for [tex]g^{cf}g_{ab,f}[/tex] and you will observe that an extra term appears so it cancels out [tex]g^{cf}_{,f}g_{ab}[/tex].)

AB
 
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  • #12
shadi_s10 said:
what do mean by 'covariantly constant'?

If a tensor\vector\scalar is covariantly constant, then it vanishes under the operation of covariant differentiation. E.g. [tex]A^{ab}[/tex] being covariantly constant, so [tex]A^{ab}_{;c}=0.[/tex]

AB
 
  • #13
thanks alot...
 
  • #14
Hi Shadi_S10,

I am working on D'Inverno too and Alatbeh has been helping me with my problems too. But I think he has got this wrong:
Altabeh said:
In D'inverno's book the function [tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}[/tex] is defined as

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}=\mathfrak{g}^{ab}(-\Gamma^{c}_{ab}\Gamma^{d}_{cd}+\Gamma^{d}_{ac}\Gamma^{c}_{bd})[/tex]. (4)

Well, I don't know how he does get to this equation with a wrong sign, but to reach (1) it is only possible to start with a different sign other than that given to us by D'inverno. (Perhaps it is just a typo or something though that wouldn't sound rational as when you drop a sign or type incorrectly, that wouldn't happen two times in one short line and shockingly in a single file). So I'm gently going to use this last equation with a (-1) multiplied by just the right-hand side of it.

AB

All D'Inverno does to get

[tex]\bar{\mathfrank{L}}[/tex] is to replace

[tex]+\mathfrak{g}^{ab}(\Gamma^{c}_{ab}\Gamma^{d}_{cd}-\Gamma^{d}_{ac}\Gamma^{c}_{bd})[/tex]

with

[tex]-\bar{\mathfrank{L}}[/tex]

so his sign is OK.

You might also be interested in my alternative solution to this problem:

[tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}=\Gamma^{d}_{cd}\mathfrak{g}^{ab}-\Gamma^{a}_{cd}\mathfrak{g}^{bd}-\Gamma^{b}_{cd}\mathfrak{g}^{ad}[/tex].

Now add in some delta functions with appropriate changes to indices elsewhere:

[tex]\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}=\Gamma^{d}_{cd}\mathfrak{g}^{ab}-\Gamma^{a}_{cd}\delta^{d}_a\mathfrak{g}^{ba}-\Gamma^{b}_{cd}\delta^{d}_b\mathfrak{g}^{ab}[/tex].

Giving:

[tex]\frac{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}_{,c}}{\partial \mathfrak{g}^{ab}}=\Gamma^{d}_{cd}-\delta^{d}_a\Gamma^{a}_{cd}-\delta^{d}_b\Gamma^{b}_{cd} = \Gamma^{d}_{cd}-\Gamma^{d}_{cd}-\Gamma^{d}_{cd} = -\Gamma^{d}_{cd} [/tex].

We can then use this result in:

[tex]\frac{\partial\bar\mathfrank{L}}{\partial\mathfrak{g}^{ab}}=\frac{\partial\bar\mathfrank{L}}{\partial\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_c}\frac{\partial\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_c}{\partial\mathfrak{g}^{ab}}[/tex]

to give:

[tex] -\Gamma^{d}_{cd} \frac{\partial\bar\mathfrank{L}}{\partial\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_c} = \Gamma^{d}_{ac}\Gamma^{c}_{bd}-\Gamma^{d}_{cd}\Gamma^{c}_{ab} [/tex] (1)

Now we do a bit of manipulation on [tex] \Gamma^{c}_{bd} [/tex]

[tex] \Gamma^{c}_{bd} =\delta^{c}_a \Gamma^{a}_{bd} = \delta^{c}_d\delta^{d}_a\Gamma^{a}_{bd} = \delta^{c}_d\Gamma^{d}_{bd} [/tex] (2)

also

[tex] \Gamma^{c}_{bd} =\delta^{c}_a \Gamma^{a}_{bd} = \delta^{c}_d\delta^{d}_a\Gamma^{a}_{bd} = \delta^{c}_d\Gamma^{d}_{bd} = \delta^{c}_d\delta^{c}_b\Gamma^{d}_{dc} [/tex] (3)Now we rewrite (1) as

[tex] -\Gamma^{d}_{cd} \frac{\partial\bar\mathfrank{L}}{\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_c} = 1/2\Gamma^{d}_{ac}\Gamma^{c}_{bd} + 1/2\Gamma^{d}_{ac}\Gamma^{c}_{bd}-\Gamma^{d}_{cd}\Gamma^{c}_{ab} [/tex]

Then we use our two results (2),(3) from above get:[tex] -\Gamma^{d}_{cd} \frac{\partial\bar\mathfrank{L}}{\mathfrak{g}^{ab}_c} = 1/2\delta^{c}_a\Gamma^{d}_{dc}\Gamma^{d}_{bd} + 1/2\delta^{c}_b\Gamma^{b}_{bd}\Gamma^{d}_{ad}-\Gamma^{d}_{cd}\Gamma^{c}_{ab} [/tex]then divide throughout by [tex] -\Gamma^{d}_{cd} [/tex]

To get the desired result.
 
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FAQ: The equivalent lagrangian and the derivative

What is an equivalent lagrangian?

An equivalent lagrangian is a mathematical function that describes the dynamics of a physical system in terms of generalized coordinates and their derivatives. It is derived from the original lagrangian through a transformation of variables, but still yields the same equations of motion.

Why is an equivalent lagrangian useful?

An equivalent lagrangian can be useful in simplifying the equations of motion for a physical system, especially when dealing with complex systems. It can also provide insight into the underlying symmetries and conservation laws of the system.

How is the equivalent lagrangian related to the derivative?

The equivalent lagrangian is related to the derivative through the Euler-Lagrange equation, which is used to find the equations of motion for a system. The derivative of the equivalent lagrangian with respect to a generalized coordinate is equal to the derivative of the original lagrangian with respect to the same coordinate.

Can the equivalent lagrangian be used for any physical system?

Yes, the equivalent lagrangian can be used for any physical system described by the lagrangian formalism. However, it may not always be possible to find an equivalent lagrangian for certain complex or non-linear systems.

How does the equivalent lagrangian relate to the principle of least action?

The equivalent lagrangian is derived from the original lagrangian by applying a transformation of variables. This transformation is chosen to satisfy the principle of least action, which states that the true path of a physical system is the one that minimizes the action integral. Therefore, the equivalent lagrangian is a way of expressing the principle of least action in a different form.

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