The reason why the East fell behind the West

[John Galaor]

That seems a sensible idea. This fear of the power of merchants existed also in the west countries. But the frequent wars among European nations gave an advantage to more liberal kings, that allowed more freedom to merchants and industrials. This politics proved positive for kings, for they could earn more money in taxes, and have some advantages in wars. All wars needed a lot o money.
John Galaor
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[John Galaor]

I put a comma in that sentence for some odd reason of which I am not completely aware. Anyway, do you really consider Wikipedia for the Bible of all truths? Would you even consider substituting your brain for Wikipedia? Free market is basically pure offer and demand without distortions. Slaves don't earn any wage. Do you think the free market would allocate a significant portion of its labor force into very unproductive areas of the economy, and prevent them from participating and free economic actors? Of course, there is no perfect free market, but what was in place in East Asia was far more different.

Of course market are not perfect. But imperfect markets ever existed. More or less imperfect, of course. A market implies that many different agents can go and sell their products, either agricultural or industrial.
Then, the term free market invokes not many restrictions on who can be an independent producer, or seller. So, to some extent the enemy of free markets had been the top elites, you can call them aristocrats, the state, oligocracy, plutocracy, etc. The less the number of agents control the economy, the less a free market it is.
But even so, buyers can be drive by fashions, or propaganda campaigns to buy this or that crap. Then, this people is not free, at least in part. For he was pushed to buy some useless stuff.
John Galaor

 

[heusdens]

Capitalism is an economic system. It does not necessarily identify with the social order in a country. A country can have capitalistic economic system, but still posses a lack of civil and political freedoms.

During the late XVIII and XIX centuries, European countries underwent Democratic Revolutions and overthrew the Monarchies. But, Democracy is not the same as Capitalism.

Well there are still a lot of monarchies left (f.i. The Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden).

 

[John Galaor]

monarchies were not a problem unless they were caught in the middle of civil conflicts. Then, when monarchies were able to swim and to watch their clothes at the same time, they survived the economic conflicts behind the change in economic politics.
John Galaor

 

[unmovedmover]

The main reason why East Asia did not modernize before Europe is this. East Asians are holistic, they see the whole before the individual elements constituting it and we believed that the whole was more important than the individual. This led to the following belief that continuous scientific and technological advancement was superficial, and science should be used to serve the whole, thus the society and the Cosmos—balance with the nature and human society, etc. Moreover, this disemphasis of the individual led to material frugality which hindered the development of capitalism, and without capitalism there cannot be modern science.

Without capitalism there cannot be modern science? I don't think that's exactly right. It should be without the Age of Enlightenment, or Age of Reason, that there could not have been modern science. Modern science is developed right out of philosophical breakthroughs in the Age of Reason. That was when people really started to question the authority of religion and of Kings. Maybe the right question should be Why did Europe have the Age of Reason before anywhere in the world did? Why could not Asia experience a stage like that first?

 

[John Galaor]

to unmovedmover
<<Without capitalism there cannot be modern science? I don't think that's exactly right. It should be without the Age of Enlightenment, or Age of Reason, that there could not have been modern science. Modern science is developed right out of philosophical breakthroughs in the Age of Reason. That was when people really started to question the authority of religion and of Kings. Maybe the right question should be Why did Europe have the Age of Reason before anywhere in the world did? Why could not Asia experience a stage like that first? >>

The so called age of Reason, or Enlightenment, was for years a subversive doctrine of rebellion. As Europe was fractioned in a number of kingdoms it was very difficult to control the subversive thinking. On the other hand, each kingdom or republic wanted to become richer than their neighbors, and had to develop industries. It was clear that industries would be an advantage to a kingdom over another. Not only because industries gave the opportunity to collect more taxes, but a part of the industry was developing the production of steel.
If Europe would had been a powerful empire, there would had not been any opportunity for subversive thinking.
John Galaor

 

[unmovedmover]

to unmovedmover
<<Without capitalism there cannot be modern science? I don't think that's exactly right. It should be without the Age of Enlightenment, or Age of Reason, that there could not have been modern science. Modern science is developed right out of philosophical breakthroughs in the Age of Reason. That was when people really started to question the authority of religion and of Kings. Maybe the right question should be Why did Europe have the Age of Reason before anywhere in the world did? Why could not Asia experience a stage like that first? >>

The so called age of Reason, or Enlightenment, was for years a subversive doctrine of rebellion. As Europe was fractioned in a number of kingdoms it was very difficult to control the subversive thinking. On the other hand, each kingdom or republic wanted to become richer than their neighbors, and had to develop industries. It was clear that industries would be an advantage to a kingdom over another. Not only because industries gave the opportunity to collect more taxes, but a part of the industry was developing the production of steel.
If Europe would had been a powerful empire, there would had not been any opportunity for subversive thinking.
John Galaor

As if before the Age of Reason each kingdom of Europe did not want to become richer and more powerful than others... Before the Age of Reason, Kingdoms each other all the time for the purpose of conquer.. So your logic is that just because they were split, it would have been better for Europeans to not have the Age of Reason and stay underdeveloped and tame under the dictatorship of kings. You talk as if Age of Reason has taught people to be rebellious, but rebellions have always existed in Europe. At least this time around the rebellions have turned absolute monarchies into more democratic states. "If Europe would have been a powerful empire, there would had not been any opportunity for subversive thinking". This sounds kind of like China to me, and they obviously did not have an age of reason for a couple thousand of years..

 

[John Galaor]

Dictatorship is a fact of life so common in history. And the wars happened all the time for a reason or other. Mostly for another reason.

What happened with modern industrialized countries is that they were to many players and things were going pretty easy, as fossil fuels were making cheaper to feed a growing population.
But in times a crisis, even a industrialized nations went to war, because the figuration of happiness and progress was shattered. That happened two times in Europe last century, IWW and IIWW

In 19 century it happened a lot more often. When there is a problem to feed too many people, it all end with a war.
John Galaor
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[Kimchijjigae]

Without capitalism there cannot be modern science? I don't think that's exactly right. It should be without the Age of Enlightenment, or Age of Reason, that there could not have been modern science. Modern science is developed right out of philosophical breakthroughs in the Age of Reason. That was when people really started to question the authority of religion and of Kings. Maybe the right question should be Why did Europe have the Age of Reason before anywhere in the world did? Why could not Asia experience a stage like that first?

What do you need in order to produce a paper on condensed matter physic? A ton of researchers, highly sophisticated goods only produced by highly sophisticated manufacturing installations, a university, etc. A primitive economy mainly based on agriculture won't be able to raise enough capital for all of these, only an advanced capitalist economy can do so.

 

[Kimchijjigae]

<The main reason why East Asia did not modernize before Europe is this. East Asians are holistic, they see the whole before the individual elements constituting it and we believed that the whole was more important than the individual. >

I have another explanation for this stop of development, that gave central Europe to catch the Chinese culture. All civilizations keep growing till they get stack with some scarcity of resources. In this way, Chinese civilization stopped and froze when the scarcity of charcoal, scarcity of firewood, made the production of more steel and iron a limiting factor. In the case of China, other factors had some influence like the existence of a powerful empire. A powerful empire is basically conservative and has very little interest in changing the social status quo. In fact the great empires tend to get stiff with a fundamentalist doctrine. Only an exterior power can change that. If Europe would have been under the grip of a powerful empire so many centuries as China, we would had not develop any capitalism at all, or had any industrial revolution. Then, Europe was divided among many warring nations. This tradition of making wars among them, made the kings look at the production of iron and steel with a favorable bias. Of course the aristocrats would like best to have a holistic doctrine that would guaranty their privileges. But in a world with so frequent wars, to develop the steel industry and others, would meant for the kings a sort of promise to win, or to prevail against the enemies.
That interpretation can explain while the superior cultures Southern European nations and Islamic countries got stunted, while the nations of Central Europe developed quite a lot. They have a lot more of woodlands than souther countries. Then, they had more capacity to produce charcoal, and then develop the steel industry.
There was a critical moment in England, when they realized the lack of firewood and had to start consuming coal. Then the industrial revolution was saved by existence of coal, that gave them the possibility of using coke to produce steel.
John Galaor
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Possibly one of the reasons why Japan modernized before China was that it was feudalistic during a crucial period of foreign interaction and not centralized until later on. However, I don't believe that scarcity of resource played a big part as for instance firewood could be simply imported from abroad.

 

[John Galaor]

To import firewood look something banal to you. But it isn't specially before the existence of powerful machines. Even today, it is much easier to produce iron where you got coal, and then coke, than in places where there is not coke.

Then, the destiny of empires is to keep growing till the scarcity of fuels limits the growth both of population and and iron producition.
As for Japan, the prolonged feudal wars kept then a healthy nation for several centuries. Then, when the power was centralized it started the cultural sophistication and the deforestation. It was then when the Americans, Commodore Perry, imposed on Japan a freedom of trade. It is from this moment onward that Japanese leaders thought of the need of industrialization imitating the Western powers. An they succeeded thanks to a very disciplined population.
So, in this case, it was imitation the key to succeed in in developing an industrial nation. While the China of Mao and the Russians lagged behind because of the distortions caused by the socialist doctrine. Socialist doctrine looked more holistic than capitalist doctrine.
John Galaor
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[John Galaor]

Answer to message #44
You said,
<<What do you need in order to produce a paper on condensed matter physic? A ton of researchers, highly sophisticated goods only produced by highly sophisticated manufacturing installations, a university, etc>>
Of course this accumulation of knowledge is not cheap. To achieve something like this you need a very cheap production of food, that is a lot of machines to cultivate, harvest and for transport. Without machines it as very expensive to carry cereals to near the cities where most of the industry was developing.
Then, the very nature of production done by hand, made almost impossible to develop a nation. Japan developed its industry thanks to massive imports of coal from abroad, for there were no coal in Japan. And very little iron minerals.
Then it was sort of miraculous that Japan developed so fast as an industrial nation. We have to study how they achieved to educate their children in obedience and hard-work.
John Galaor
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[Hurkyl]

What do you need in order to produce a paper on condensed matter physic? A ton of researchers, highly sophisticated goods only produced by highly sophisticated manufacturing installations, a university, etc. A primitive economy mainly based on agriculture won't be able to raise enough capital for all of these, only an advanced capitalist economy can do so.

Aren't you conflating "industry" and "capitalism"?

 

[John Galaor]

If you do not know the technology, most of its products are magic. A medieval armor was magic to most people, and most of the metallurgic products, like bronze.

Then, for an iron smith to work was needed a lot of resources. Some people have to extract some metallic mineral, others should produce coal for the furnace and the forge. Then we said iron smith and think we know it all, but we have not any idea about the cost of running such a work shop. Then, sometimes, the coal had to be produced very far away from cities, in the places where still remained some woods
John Galaor
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[Kimchijjigae]

Aren't you conflating "industry" and "capitalism"?

You can't become an advanced economy if you don't have capitalism.

 

[JDStupi]

I agree with Hurkyl, your confusing the two. I'm not saying capitalism doesn't have its benefits for scientific research, but to say that it is necessary is wrong. What do you define as Science? What about the origins of Science? The things that required inclined planes, rolling balls, and a mind? Why do you need capitalism there? You may need industry and interest from people in high political places, but not capitalism. What about the Soviet Union? are we discrediting the soviet scientific endeavor because of its lack of capitalism? The USSR has many discoveries and kept up with us. What about China? What about other non free-market economies like state-controlled Nazi Germany? There science was pretty advanced. It may have been more fractionalized and difficult, but if you could convince the political leaders that your research was beneficial to the state, then you were granted the ability to do research.

 

[John Galaor]

He was talking of capitalism to define the complex artifacts of technology. He thinks that without abundance of cheap capital from capitalism, science and technology would had gone a lot much slower. When the state is the main owner of a nation, or an empire, he can limit he fields of inquire to those most cherish by the dominant class. In the example of the Soviet Union, they had in the aim his antagonist power, the USA, and they wanted to prevail and surpass them. Then any new discovery, any new technical advance, not foresighted by the leaders had to be copied or rediscovered. Specially in the field of technical warfare and killing machines.
The main differences between a system with strong control of a nation is that they force the scientists, or the philosophers, to justify their role in society.
While, in general, the capitalist nations function with more diverse groups who have more freedom to act on their own. A modern capitalist state functions as a multiverse of ideologies and in general, such states are weak. Do not impose lines of thought on people.
I said "modern capitalist" state, because capitalism is more or less very ancient. When the interest of earning profits with trade is tenet of society, ideology occupies a secondary or minor role. While the states that play a strong role tend to control with the help of an ideology. An ideology can be either religious, or a political not religious doctrine. The stronger is such a state the more stringent is the society, and some trades, some activities, and some line of thinking can get prohibited.
So, it is a relative situation with a state more or less stringent on what people can do or what cannot do.
Then, freedom can also serve also to some good purposes, besides rebelling and tumbling down a government. That is so difficult and delicate to pass from a political system with little a degree of freedom, to another with more or less abundant freedom.
Then, philosophers of different stripes can be against this or that class of freedom.
It depends on the philosopher in question.
John Galaor
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[Radrook]

Strange that they should have gunpowder rockets and cannon before the West and not use it to conquer the West.

 

[Atran]

To think that Japan is in the process to catch up is foolish.

Why? Japan is very successful in researching genetics/DNA, computers/technology, neuroscience, babies' psychological process(es), chimpanzees...
And you see in media how they use their creativity to entertain public...

Japan is part of the East. rofl

So what?

Moreover, this disemphasis of the individual led to material frugality which hindered the development of capitalism, and without capitalism there cannot be modern science.

Science is about to understand how the nature (the natural world) works. Even if I live 10 BC, I still can do science. Today, technology fundamentally helps developing modern science.
Some of Einstein's influental works were put under precise tests after his death, because during Einstein's time the technology wasn't as advanced as 1960s' technology.

 

[John Galaor]

To Radrook
<Strange that they should have gunpowder rockets and cannon before the West and not use it to conquer the West. >

They had enough problems at home, I suppose. Not counting that they had not vocation of seafarers. Then, to the North they had the deserts of Mongolia, on the west the desert of Taklamakan was enough to deter any fancy to conquer desert foreign lands. It was common sense not to nurse any fancy of conquering foreign lands. They were utterly poor. It will be a senseless adventure.
John Galaor
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[John Galaor]

to Atran:
<<Science is about to understand how the nature (the natural world) works. Even if I live 10 BC, I still can do science. Today, technology fundamentally helps developing modern science.
Some of Einstein's influental works were put under precise tests after his death, because during Einstein's time the technology wasn't as advanced as 1960s' technology. >>

Technology cannot advance by jumping. It is like a ladder you go slowly climbing into the future. Then, the main trouble is "past knowledge". The abundant and wrong wisdom of the past is like a barrier stopping progress. The most we worship the wisdom of ancient times, the most troubles we have to go forward.
John Galaor
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[Kimchijjigae]

Why? Japan is very successful in researching genetics/DNA, computers/technology, neuroscience, babies' psychological process(es), chimpanzees...
And you see in media how they use their creativity to entertain public...

So what?

Science is about to understand how the nature (the natural world) works. Even if I live 10 BC, I still can do science. Today, technology fundamentally helps developing modern science.
Some of Einstein's influental works were put under precise tests after his death, because during Einstein's time the technology wasn't as advanced as 1960s' technology.

I think you are confused.

 

[Kimchijjigae]

I agree with Hurkyl, your confusing the two. I'm not saying capitalism doesn't have its benefits for scientific research, but to say that it is necessary is wrong. What do you define as Science? What about the origins of Science? The things that required inclined planes, rolling balls, and a mind? Why do you need capitalism there? You may need industry and interest from people in high political places, but not capitalism. What about the Soviet Union? are we discrediting the soviet scientific endeavor because of its lack of capitalism? The USSR has many discoveries and kept up with us. What about China? What about other non free-market economies like state-controlled Nazi Germany? There science was pretty advanced. It may have been more fractionalized and difficult, but if you could convince the political leaders that your research was beneficial to the state, then you were granted the ability to do research.

You did not understand what I said. Don't generalize a statement I made. I gave a particular example that did require capitalism. Now, capitalism has many different stages, and a centrally planned economy won't be able to raise as much capital as an advanced capitalist country. Without capitalism, a country will reach a point where further scientific innovation will be impossible or advancement will be very stagnant.