Understanding Gauge Symmetry: A Review of the Schrödinger Equation

In summary, the conversation discusses the concept of gauge symmetry and gauge invariance in the context of electromagnetism and its relation to the Schrödinger equation. The article cited explains that the wave function is not a gauge invariant object, but all observables must be gauge invariant and any gauge dependence must cancel out. It is also mentioned that there are topological obstructions to the continuity and single valuedness of the wave function, which can be resolved by choosing different gauges that are related by quantized amounts. The distinction between local and large gauge transformations is also discussed, with the latter being physical symmetries and related to topological phenomena. The conversation ends with a question about the distinction between gauge symmetry and gauge invar
  • #1
arlesterc
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I have reviewed the various posts on gauge symmetry in particular this one which is now closed. In this post there is the following link:http://www.vttoth.com/CMS/physics-notes/124-the-principle-of-gauge-invariance.

This is a good read. However, there is some clarification I need.

The article has the following:
"By far the simplest gauge theory is electromagnetism. And by far the simplest way to present electromagnetism as a gauge theory is through the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation of a particle moving in empty space:iℏ∂ψ∂t=−ℏ22m∇2ψ.Although the equation contains the wave function ψ, we know that the actual probability of finding a particle in some state is a function of |ψ|. In other words, the phase of the complex function ψ can be changed without altering the outcome of physical experiments. In other words, all physical experiments will produce the same result if we perform the following substitution:ψ→eip(x,t)ψ,where p(x,t) is an arbitrary smooth function of space and time coordinates."

Then it goes on to derive the Schrödinger substituting in this varying function and after a lot of steps shows:

"iℏ∂ψ∂t=−ℏ22m{[∇+i∇p(x,t)]2−2mℏ∂p(x,t)∂t}ψ.
which is not the original Schrödinger equation. "

My question/line of thinking: Is the Schrodinger equation supposed to produce the same 'answer' for the wave function at every point in space? In other words two different observers at two different points in space calculating the wave function via the 'ordinary' Schrödinger should end up with the same answer? However this does not happen because each observer is allowed/has a different value for the phase of the wave function based on their location. Therefore to rectify this, the Schrodinger equation has to be modified so as to cancel out this local location-dependent phase and once that is done everyone at every point using this 'modified' Schrödinger equation will end up with the same wave function?

I would appreciate any feedback as to whether I am on the right track here. Thanks in advance.
 
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Gauge symmetry is not a real symmetry. A symmetry acts on one state and takes it to another. A gauge transformation takes a state to the same state. The correct terminology is gauge invariance. The wave function is not a gauge invariant object. It doesn’t have to be because it is not an observable. However all observables like probability amplitudes, currents, etc. must be gauge invariant. Any gauge dependence must cancel out. That’s why you have both the canonical and kinematic momentum in the presence of the magnetic field, the canonical momentum is not gauge invariant.

One thing to note is that once you choose a gauge, the wavefunction must be continuous and single valued at every point in space. However, there are times when there are topological obstructions to this. Then you need to choose different gauge covering different areas which are related by enforcing these conditions on the wavefunction. For example, if you have a magnetic monopole, you must choose a different gauge to cover the north and south pole regions. However, given the singlevaluedness of the wavefunction, these gauge can only different by some quantized amount. For a magnetic monopole, this restricts the charge to be quantized in units of \frac{\hbar c}{2e}. This gives rise to various phenomena such as the quantization of the Hall conductance. The number of quanta n is a topological invariant, you cannot change it via smooth deformations.
 
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  • #3
Thanks for the distinction between gauge symmetry and gauge invariance. I think however based on the amount that I see gauge symmetry used it will be a long battle to knock it out of use. Or is there such a thing as gauge symmetry apart from gauge invariance?
 
  • #4
There are a special class of gauge transformations called large gauge tranformations that act asymptotically (out at infinity). These are different from local gauge transformations which tend to 1 out at infinity and act trivially (annihilate states). Large gauge transformations are physical symmetries because acting with them changes the quantum state of the system. This makes them completely different even though it large and local gauge tranformations look the same locally. This is directly related to the topological phenomena I mentioned.
 

FAQ: Understanding Gauge Symmetry: A Review of the Schrödinger Equation

What is gauge symmetry?

Gauge symmetry is a mathematical concept that describes the invariance of a physical system under a certain transformation. In the context of the Schrödinger equation, gauge symmetry refers to the fact that the equation remains unchanged when certain transformations are applied to the wave function.

What is the significance of gauge symmetry in the Schrödinger equation?

The gauge symmetry in the Schrödinger equation allows for the conservation of physical quantities, such as energy and momentum. It also helps to ensure that the equation is consistent and accurate in describing the behavior of particles in quantum mechanics.

Can you give an example of a gauge transformation in the Schrödinger equation?

One example of a gauge transformation in the Schrödinger equation is the phase transformation, where the wave function is multiplied by a complex number with unit magnitude. This transformation does not change the physical properties of the system, but it does affect the overall phase of the wave function.

How does gauge symmetry relate to the concept of gauge invariance?

Gauge symmetry and gauge invariance are closely related concepts. Gauge symmetry refers to the invariance of the equation under certain transformations, while gauge invariance refers to the invariance of physical quantities under the same transformations. In other words, gauge symmetry is a mathematical property, while gauge invariance is a physical property.

What are the practical applications of understanding gauge symmetry in the Schrödinger equation?

Understanding gauge symmetry in the Schrödinger equation is crucial for developing accurate and consistent models in quantum mechanics. It also has practical applications in fields such as particle physics, where gauge theories are used to describe the fundamental interactions between particles.

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