Vertebrates are animals with a backbone, while invertebrates are animals without a backbone. Examples of vertebrates include mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and amphibians, while examples of invertebrates include insects, worms, and mollusks.
The number of breaths a vertebrate takes per minute varies depending on the species. For example, humans typically take 12-20 breaths per minute, while a mouse may take 40-200 breaths per minute.
The ideal gas law is a mathematical equation that describes the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of a gas. It can be written as PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature.
In vertebrates, gas exchange occurs through a process called respiration. This involves inhaling oxygen-rich air, which travels through the respiratory system and diffuses into the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide, a waste product, is then exhaled back out of the body.
Vertebrates regulate the amount of gas in their bodies through various mechanisms. For example, the respiratory system helps to maintain a balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide by adjusting the rate and depth of breathing. Additionally, the body's pH levels can also affect gas concentration, and the kidneys help to regulate pH levels by removing excess carbon dioxide from the blood.