Weinberg-Witten Theorem and Quantum Gravity

In summary, the Weinberg-Witten theorem states that a massless particle with spin greater than 1/2 cannot have a Lorentz-covariant current or stress-energy tensor. This poses a problem for theories such as Deser/Feynmann's spin-2 massless particle theory, which relies on a Lorentz-covariant stress-energy tensor. However, it is possible to construct a pseudotensor for the gravitational field that is Lorentz-covariant, but not generally covariant, in classical theories. The issue arises when trying to reconcile this pseudotensor with quantum field theories, as the additional terms required to maintain Lorentz covariance must be eliminated by gauge transformations that also require general covariance. This
  • #1
stevendaryl
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Can someone who understands it explain the significance of the
Weinberg-Witten Theorem to the possibility of quantum gravity?
(Described here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinberg-Witten_theorem)

From the Wikipedia article, the conclusion is
...massless
particles (either composite or elementary) with spin j > 1/2 cannot
carry a Lorentz-covariant current, while massless particles with spin j
> 1 cannot carry a Lorentz-covariant stress-energy.

I don't understand how that can be correct. Deser and Feynmann
(independently?) showed that General Relativity can be understood (at
least in asymptotically flat spacetimes) as the field theory of a spin-2
massless particle whose source is the total stress-energy tensor. I know
that this approach is not renormalizable, at least not in any obvious
way, but it seems to conflict with the Weinberg-Witten Theorem. Is the
WWT in some way a proof that the Deser/Feynmann theory is not
renormalizable?

One thing that is a little confusing about the Deser/Feynmann theory is
exactly what the stress-energy tensor is. The assumption is that the
spin-two particle couples to the total stress-energy, including the
stress-energy of the particle itself. This is apparently very different
from GR, in which the appropriate stress-energy tensor has no
contribution due to gravity. I don't have a good grasp of how this is
reconciled.
 
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  • #2
http://arxiv.org/abs/1007.0435
"The Weinberg–Witten theorem states that a massless particle of spin strictly greater than one cannot possesses an energy-momentum tensor Tμ which is both Lorentz covariant and gauge invariant. Of course, this no-go theorem does not preclude gravitational interactions. In the spin-two case, it implies that there cannot exist any gauge-invariant energy-momentum tensor for the graviton."

More discussion here:

http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:33005:2/component/escidoc:33006/AnnPhys17-803.pdf
"However, in [24, 25] it is pointed out that the obtained pseudotensor of the gravitational field is still Lorentz covariant, even though not generally covariant. Thus, at first sight, the Weinberg-Witten theorem appears to be applicable to this tensor. However, the crucial point seems to be again that these pseudotensors are constructed in the context of a classical, i.e. a non-quantum theory. ...

"The process of constructing the energy-momentum pseudotensor for the gravitational field in a classical theory only breaks general covariance, not Lorentz covariance. Constructing a quantum field then requires additional terms under Lorentz transformations. To maintain Lorentz covariance of the theory, these additional terms would have to be eliminated by gauge transformations requiring general covariance. Like for the gluon, this gauge invariance of the current is not given for the graviton."
 
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FAQ: Weinberg-Witten Theorem and Quantum Gravity

What is the Weinberg-Witten Theorem?

The Weinberg-Witten Theorem is a mathematical result in theoretical physics that states that in a theory of quantum gravity, the massless particles that mediate the gravitational force (called gravitons) must necessarily have spin 2. This theorem was proposed in 1980 by Steven Weinberg and Edward Witten.

How does the Weinberg-Witten Theorem relate to quantum gravity?

The Weinberg-Witten Theorem is significant in the field of quantum gravity because it sets a constraint on the types of particles that can mediate gravity. It suggests that any theory of quantum gravity must incorporate spin 2 particles, which is important for developing a consistent theory that unifies gravity and quantum mechanics.

Can the Weinberg-Witten Theorem be proven?

Yes, the Weinberg-Witten Theorem has been mathematically proven and is widely accepted by the scientific community. However, it is important to note that it is a mathematical result and not a physical observation.

What are the implications of the Weinberg-Witten Theorem?

The Weinberg-Witten Theorem has significant implications for the search for a unified theory of quantum gravity. It suggests that any successful theory must incorporate spin 2 particles, which can help guide future research and experiments in this field.

Is the Weinberg-Witten Theorem the only constraint on theories of quantum gravity?

No, there are other constraints and challenges in developing a theory of quantum gravity, such as the problem of reconciling general relativity with quantum mechanics. However, the Weinberg-Witten Theorem is an important constraint that must be considered in any attempt to unify these two theories.

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