Kramer's Law was first proposed by Dutch psychologist Adriaan de Groot in the 1960s. It was later refined and popularized by American psychologist Arthur Kramer in the 1980s.
Kramer's Law was derived from a combination of empirical research and theoretical models. Kramer and his colleagues conducted numerous experiments to test the relationship between arousal and performance, and used these findings to develop the law.
Kramer's Law states that there is an inverted-U relationship between arousal and performance. This means that as arousal increases, so does performance, up to a certain point. After that point, any further increase in arousal will lead to a decrease in performance.
There have been numerous studies that have provided support for Kramer's Law. These studies have used a variety of methods, including physiological measures of arousal, self-report measures, and performance tasks. Additionally, the law is consistent with other theories and models of performance, such as the Yerkes-Dodson Law.
While Kramer's Law has gained widespread acceptance and has been supported by numerous studies, there have been some criticisms. Some researchers argue that the relationship between arousal and performance is not as simple as an inverted-U curve, and may be influenced by other factors such as task complexity and individual differences. Others argue that the law only applies to certain types of tasks and may not be applicable to all situations.