What makes a permanent magnet a permanent magnet?

[NaTh2007]

I have searched and searched but do not know what gives rise to a permanent magnet. I would like to know why two opposite forces are produced at the ends of the magnet. The closest I have got to it is to do with electron spins becoming aligned.

Help would be most appreciated

Thank you

 

[cesiumfrog]

First make sure you understand "what gives rise to an electromagnet". (If you look deeply, by the way, you'll find an answer is special relativity combined with the familiar Coulomb repulsion between electrons.)

Permanent magnets are just the same, except rather than having a classical current of free electrons around a (preferably super-conductive) wire, you need quantum mechanics which basically says that many of the individual bound electron "probability waves" are rotating around their respective atomic nuclei.

 

[BrainTeaser48]

Permanent magnets have groupings of "bodies" of alloyed materials that under pressure and elevated temperature are subjected to an intense short-duration magnetic field. Those bodies align based upon their internal magnetic potential. That potential is determined by the alignment of micro crystaline forms of electro-energetic elements such as Iron. Such elements have dipoles associated with their microcrystaline form. That dipole is created by the "cell" structure of the crytal being electro deficient in one plane. This plane is the longitudinal axis of that crystal's magnetic dipole. Now think of a sliver of Iron like the needle of a compass. When the temperature and pressure are increased in its surroundings the sliver is freed up to rotate and associate with any magnetic dipole that can influence it. The surroundings that it is in is other slivers that are trying to line up as well. when a magnetic field of sufficient strength is applied to this matrix in this condition then all of the slivers line up together (this is instantaneous and so the applied magnetic field need last only a thousandth of a second). At this point the magnet is cooled. Yes, if you wait too long to cool the magnet it will loose quite a bit of magnetism, but the rate of loss is minimised by several factors. One is that the matrix can be a ceramic mixture rather than an alloy allowing for lower temperatures in manufacture, but this also has the tendency to be demagnetised by stronger fields. Permanent magnets are permanent only as long as they are not subjected to a magnetic field of sufficient strength to negate or erase the field in the magnet, also based upon material resistance to loss of magnetism (see the ceramic above). They are also subject to extreme temperatures (as seen in the manufacturing process). I hope this answers you r questions to some degree, see ya, BAT

 

[A Dhingra]

First make sure you understand "what gives rise to an electromagnet". (If you look deeply, by the way, you'll find an answer is special relativity combined with the familiar Coulomb repulsion between electrons.)

can u be more elaborate in explaining ... how is relativity causing the rise of electromagnet...

 

[sardar]

for your question. A permanent magnet is a material that has the ability to produce its own magnetic field. This is due to the alignment of its electrons and their spins. In most materials, the electrons are randomly oriented and cancel out each other's magnetic fields. However, in a permanent magnet, the electrons are aligned in the same direction, creating a net magnetic field. This alignment is caused by the presence of certain elements, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, which have a strong magnetic property.

To understand why two opposite forces are produced at the ends of a magnet, we need to look at the magnetic field lines. These lines represent the direction of the magnetic field and are always drawn from the north pole to the south pole of the magnet. The two opposite forces at the ends of the magnet are a result of the magnetic field lines converging at the poles. This is because the magnetic field lines are closer together at the poles, making the magnetic field stronger. The closer the lines are, the stronger the magnetic force they exert.

The strength of a permanent magnet also depends on the material it is made of and its shape. Materials with a high magnetic permeability, such as iron, are able to retain their magnetism for a longer period of time. The shape of the magnet also plays a role in its strength. Magnets with a longer length and smaller cross-sectional area have a stronger magnetic field because the magnetic field lines are more concentrated.

I hope this helps to answer your question. In summary, a permanent magnet is created by aligning the electrons in a specific material, which creates a net magnetic field. The two opposite forces at the ends of the magnet are a result of the magnetic field lines converging at the poles. The strength of a permanent magnet depends on the material and shape of the magnet. If you have any further questions, please don't hesitate to ask.