Why do atoms want to complete their shells?

In summary, the conversation discusses the concept of atoms creating bonds with other atoms in order to complete their outer shells and achieve a lower energy configuration. The physical mechanism behind this phenomenon is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the number of electrons in the outer shell and their spin. The conversation also mentions the role of covalent bonds and suggests further research on the topic.
  • #1
PainterGuy
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Hi,

I have a basic knowledge of chemistry from high school days.

I remember once being told that a neutral hydrogen has one electron in its shell but it wants to complete its outer shell by having two electrons, and this makes hydrogen atom to create bonds with other atoms.

Likewise, a neutral atom such as that of chlorine has seven electrons in its outer shell but it likes to have eight electrons and therefore a chlorine atom loves to make bonds with other atoms.

The atoms of inert gases have complete outer shells therefore they have least interest making any bonds.

Those atoms don't have a desire of their own and behind that "it wants" and "it likes" there should be some physical phenomenon or mechanism which pushes the atoms in that direction of making bonds. Otherwise, I think, a neutral atom should be more happy.

Question:
What is that physical mechanism? Does that mechanism have something to do with having such number of electrons in the outer shell where the spin of one electron counters the opposite spin of another electron?

If it's really about the spin, then what is so bad about the spin of a single electron that it should be cancelled by an opposing spin of another electron even though the atom will no longer be neutral? For example, when a hydrogen has two electrons in its shell, the atom is no longer neutral.

Could you please guide me?
 
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  • #2
I think covalent bond is the key word for you to understand the issue.
 
  • #3
To keep things simple, think in terms of the lowest energy configuration.
 
  • #4
PainterGuy said:
Could you please guide me?
There must be so much about this online. At all levels of detail.
 
  • #5
PeroK said:
There must be so much about this online. At all levels of detail.

Yes, they mostly answer in terms of complete shells. Anyway, I will keep looking.
 
  • #6
As it was already said: think in terms of the lowest energy configuration.
 
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Likes PainterGuy and Hyperfine

FAQ: Why do atoms want to complete their shells?

Why do atoms want to complete their shells?

Atoms seek to complete their electron shells to achieve a more stable, lower-energy state. This is often referred to as the "octet rule," where atoms tend to have eight electrons in their valence shell, similar to the electron configuration of noble gases, which are inherently stable.

What is the octet rule?

The octet rule is a chemical principle that states atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their valence shell. This rule explains why atoms form certain ions or covalent bonds to achieve a full valence shell, emulating the electron configuration of noble gases.

How do atoms complete their electron shells?

Atoms complete their electron shells by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons. They can gain or lose electrons to form ions, or share electrons through covalent bonding to achieve a full valence shell and reach a more stable state.

Why are noble gases considered stable?

Noble gases are considered stable because they naturally have complete electron shells. This full valence shell configuration makes them chemically inert, meaning they are less likely to react with other elements or form compounds under normal conditions.

What happens when atoms do not have complete electron shells?

When atoms do not have complete electron shells, they are generally more reactive and will seek to achieve stability by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons. This reactivity drives the formation of chemical bonds and compounds, facilitating various chemical reactions.

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