A Why electromagnetic tensor (Faraday 2-form) is exact? (and not closed)

[phoenix95]

Following from Wikipedia, the covariant formulation of electromagnetic field involves postulating an electromagnetic field tensor(Faraday 2-form) F such that
F=dA
where A is a 1-form, which makes F an exact differential form. However, is there any specific reason for expecting F to be exact? Could it be the case that in general, F is a closed differential form, but by virtue of the Poincare lemma we define F to be this way?

 

[vanhees71]

That's just the homogeneous Maxwell equations, $\mathrm{d} F=0$. In Ricci-calculus notation that's
$$\partial_{\mu} ^{\dagger} F^{\mu \nu}=\partial_{\mu} \frac{1}{2} \epsilon^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma} F_{\rho \sigma}=0.$$
The Poincare lemma tells you that (at least locally) $F=\mathrm{d} A$ or, in Ricci notation,
$$F_{\mu \nu}=\partial_{\mu} A_{\nu}-\partial_{\nu} A_{\mu}.$$

 

[phoenix95]

That's just the homogeneous Maxwell equations, $\mathrm{d} F=0$. In Ricci-calculus notation that's
$$\partial_{\mu} ^{\dagger} F^{\mu \nu}=\partial_{\mu} \frac{1}{2} \epsilon^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma} F_{\rho \sigma}=0.$$
The Poincare lemma tells you that (at least locally) $F=\mathrm{d} A$ or, in Ricci notation,
$$F_{\mu \nu}=\partial_{\mu} A_{\nu}-\partial_{\nu} A_{\mu}.$$

Thanks for the reply. I understood that. But as much as I know, not all closed forms are exact (although all exact forms are closed). So is there a specific reason why we always write F=dA? In other words, just because it is closed why do we expect it to be exact?

In your answer, you wrote F=dA at least locally right? So am I right in saying that the differential 2-form F, in general, is not exact globally (although we both agree that F has to be closed globally)?

 

[vanhees71]

Well, there are examples like the "potential vortex", where you have a multiply connected region, where you have $\text{curl} \vec{B}=0$ everywhere except along an arbitrary infinite line (e.g., along the $3$-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system) and
$$\vec{B}=\frac{C}{x^2+y^2} \begin{pmatrix}-y \\x \\ 0 \end{pmatrix},$$
which has
$$\int_{K} \mathrm{d} \vec{r} \vec{B}=2 \pi C N$$
for any closed curve $K$, which winds $N$ times around the $z$-axis.