Why is NTM Time Complexity Guessing Polynomial?

In summary, the conversation discusses the computation of a non-deterministic Turing machine (NTM) and its relationship to the depth of its configuration tree. The highlighted example shows that choosing a specific list of nodes costs polynomial time, but there is concern about the number of configurations to check. It is explained that because the NTM can branch to any finite number of configurations, there is no overhead and the time-complexity is not exponential. This is also attributed to the possibility of "luckily" choosing a configuration that leads to acceptance.
  • #1
CGandC
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Homework Statement
Not homework but something I don't understand: Why is the time-complexity of ## N_1 ## below not exponential due to the overhead of going over all possible configurations?
Relevant Equations
NTM = nondeterministic Turing machine

Running time of a nondeterministic Turing machine that is a decider is the depth of its configuration tree ( the length of the longest branch in the tree ).
1688116665509.png

( Source: Introduction to the theory of computation, Michael Sipser, 3rd edition )

I know the computation of a non-deterministic Turing machine ( NTM ) which is a decider is defined to be the depth of its configuration tree.

In the above example of showing that ## HAMPATH \in NP ##, where it's highlighted in red - I understand that choosing a specific list of nodes costs polynomial time which is the depth of the configuration tree. However, we seem to be choosing every possible option for a list of ## m ## vertices, thus, we have at least ## O(m^m) ## configurations to check, so why is the running time of ## N_1 ## polynomial? shouldn't it be exponential?
 
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  • #2
CGandC said:
Why is the time-complexity of ## N_1 ## below not[corrected] exponential due to the overhead of going over all possible configurations?
Because it is an NTM: there is no overhead in branching to any finite number of configurations. Alternatively we can imagine that it can "luckily" choose any configuration that leads to acceptance.
 
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  • #3
I understand now, thanks.
 
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Related to Why is NTM Time Complexity Guessing Polynomial?

What does NTM stand for in the context of time complexity?

NTM stands for Non-deterministic Turing Machine. It is a theoretical model of computation used to study decision problems and complexity classes. Unlike deterministic Turing machines, NTMs can explore multiple computation paths simultaneously.

Why is the time complexity of an NTM often described as "guessing polynomial"?

The term "guessing polynomial" refers to the ability of an NTM to "guess" a solution in polynomial time. This means that for a given input of size n, the NTM can non-deterministically select a computation path that leads to a solution in polynomial time, as opposed to exploring all possible paths sequentially.

How does an NTM "guess" a solution in polynomial time?

An NTM "guesses" a solution by making non-deterministic choices at each step of computation. These choices effectively allow the machine to explore many possible computation paths simultaneously. If any path leads to a solution, the NTM accepts the input in polynomial time, making it seem as though it "guessed" the correct path quickly.

What is the significance of polynomial time in the context of NTMs?

Polynomial time is significant because it represents a class of problems that are considered efficiently solvable. If a problem can be solved by an NTM in polynomial time, it belongs to the complexity class NP (Non-deterministic Polynomial time). This classification is crucial for understanding the computational difficulty of various problems.

How does the concept of NTM time complexity relate to the P vs NP problem?

The P vs NP problem is one of the most important open questions in computer science. It asks whether every problem that can be verified in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine (class NP) can also be solved in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine (class P). The concept of NTM time complexity is central to this question because it defines the class NP, which consists of problems solvable by NTMs in polynomial time.

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