2nd law Definition and 298 Threads

The 2nd Law is the sixth studio album by English rock band Muse. It was released on 1 October 2012 in the United Kingdom and elsewhere on 28 September, 2 and 3 October under Warner Bros. Records and the band's own Helium-3 imprint. The title of the album refers to the second law of thermodynamics and the album's cover art features a map of the human brain's pathways, which was taken from the Human Connectome Project. Recording of the album took place in four different studios, began in October 2011, and ended in August 2012. Mainly self-produced by the band, with the exception of the song "Follow Me", which was co-produced by English electronic music trio Nero, The 2nd Law features multiple styles of music and was influenced by acts such as Queen, David Bowie, and Skrillex.
Upon release, the album received generally favourable reviews from music critics, holding a 70/100 score on review aggregator site Metacritic, and had a very positive commercial performance. It was a top ten-charting album in 31 countries and a number one album in 13 countries. The album has been certified platinum by the BPI in the United Kingdom, the FIMI in Italy, the IFPI in Switzerland, and Music Canada in Canada. It has also been certified triple-platinum by the SNEP in France. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for Best Rock Album and the album's second track "Madness" was nominated for Best Rock Song. The album's third track "Panic Station" was also nominated for Best Rock Song at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards the following year.
A total of five official singles were released from the album. "Survival", released on 27 June, and "Madness", released on 20 August, preceded the album's release. "Survival" was notable for being chosen as the official song for the 2012 Summer Olympics, while "Madness" was notable for its positive commercial performance, as well as for topping the Billboard Alternative Songs chart for a record 19 weeks, beating out the previous record set by "The Pretender" by Foo Fighters. Three singles were released after the release of the album: "Follow Me", released on 7 December, "Supremacy", released on 20 February 2013, and "Panic Station", released on 31 May. "Big Freeze" was also released as a radio single in France and "Animals" received a music video release, both in April 2013.

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  1. kidgt23

    Forces of motion, Newton 2nd law

    Homework Statement An 8.5 gram slug is fired East from a 0.357 magnum hand gun held 1.5 meters above the ground. The muzzle velocity (as the projectile leaves the gun) is 1400 ft/sec. The bullet is accelerated at a constant rate as it travels through the 10 cm long barrel. After leaving the...
  2. Mr Davis 97

    Exploring Newton's 2nd Law: Rope on a Frictionless Table

    Homework Statement A rope of mass M and length ##l## lies on a frictionless table, with a short portion ##l_0##, hanging through a hole. Initially the rope is at rest. Find the length of the rope through the hole as a function of time. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution So I know...
  3. J

    Newton's 2nd Law Problem: Finding Force and Direction of Travel

    Homework Statement A 0.25 kg particle moves in an xy plane according to x(t) = -15 + 2t - 4t3 and y(t) = 25 + 7t - 9t2, with x and y in meters and t in seconds. Find formulas at time t<35 sec for the (a) the magnitude and (b) the angle (relative to the positive direction of the x axis) of the...
  4. S

    1st law, 2nd law, entropy by Gyftopoulos / Beretta is confusing

    I'm reading Thermodynamics: Foundations and Applications by Gyftoploulos and Beretta, because the authors claim to give a presentation of classical thermodynamics without "... the lack of logical consistency and completeness in the many presentations of the foundations of thermodynamics" [from...
  5. H

    Non-Linear optics vs The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

    Hi, rank newbie here, with my first post. This one is something I figure every first year student comes up with at some point, but I don't know enough keywords to Search for an answer. (I'm not a student except in the category "of life": this isn't assigned homework) I figger, using a bit of...
  6. N

    Dynamics -- Newton's 2nd law with acceleration

    Homework Statement A sleigh with a mass of 150 kg from rest is horizontally towed to the left . This is done using a rope that makes an angle of 30 ° with the horizontale. The tensile force is 200 N. (Neglect friction forces.) a. What is the horizontal component of the force? b. What...
  7. N

    How Do You Calculate Skier's Mass and Acceleration with Newton's Second Law?

    Homework Statement A skier glides down a slope, and has at the bottom of the slope, at the beginning of a horizontal piece, a velocity of 30 m / s. He begins to brake and after 4 seconds later has a speed of 10 m / s. The friction between the skis and the snow is 400 N during braking. a. What...
  8. T

    Quantification of Entropy and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

    All of my information comes from my current chemistry class, I just want to know where I either may have misread, misinterpreted, or was mistold information. With the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics we can say $$[1]\space\space \Delta{S}_{universe} = \Delta{S}_{surroundings} + \Delta{S}_{system} >...
  9. Tengo Preguntas

    Do White Holes Violate 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

    I have heard (read) much debate over the fundamental problems with white holes, mainly that they violate Thermodynamics by increasing entropy. However, I have also read that a black hole bends space-time enough to "connect" somewhere else as an Einstein-Rosen Bridge. So if the exact same event...
  10. Einstein's Cat

    2nd law of thermodynamics -- why?

    I am aware of the Second Law of Theromodynamics and I understand it to a certain extent, although still I am burdened with the frustration of being ignorant to why such a law exists. Please assist me.
  11. hackhard

    B Can Force Change Mass w/ Constant Velocity?

    can a resultant external force on a body change its mass but keep velocity of its centre of mass constant ? Is it practically possible - ##\vec{F}_{ext}=\vec{v}_{com}\frac{\mathrm{d} M}{\mathrm{d} t}## where F is nonzero
  12. H

    2nd law of thermodynamics heat pump problem

    Homework Statement Here is the problem: An inventor claims to have developed a heat pump that provides a 180 kW heating effect for a 293 K household while only consuming 70 kW of power and using a heat source at 273 K. Can this claim be possible? Homework Equations COP of heat pump = Qh/W COP...
  13. cmcpeek

    Hidden Heat Reservoirs and Violations of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

    I have a quick question concerning the 2nd law of thermodynamics. So my textbook uses an illustration to explain how the violation of the Clausius statement of the 2nd law implies a violation of the Kelvin-Plank. But while looking over the diagram I stated thinking about a certain situation. In...
  14. Bob K99

    Problem using Newton's 2nd Law F= m x A

    Homework Statement A ball whirling on the end of a string, length L Maximum tension in string before it breaks: T sub break Find an equation for the maximum speed of the ball , V sub max, in terms of the ball's mass, M, the breaking tension T sub break, and the gravitational acceleration g...
  15. N

    Confusion about 2nd law of thermo

    Entropy has units of kJ/kg K and energy has units of kJ. So my question is if entropy is not conserved how is energy conserved when there is a unit of energy within entropy?
  16. A

    Newton's 2nd law for Massless Particles in SR

    I think I have never seen a force equation for massless particles, I wonder if such thing exist or if not why not?
  17. KMote

    Does Maxwell's Demon violate the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

    I'm a newbie (obviously), but I just read this recent paper describing an "experimental realization of an autonomous Maxwell’s demon" (along with this review). I think I understand the general concept of Maxwell's thought experiment well enough (from a layman's perspective), but I'm having...
  18. weezy

    Possible violation of the Kelvin statement (2nd law)?

    Say I have an infinite cylinder filled with monoatomic gas and on one end has a piston attached to it. I now supply heat to the cylinder. The gas expands thereby converting all of heat energy into physical work(displacement of the piston). Since the cylinder is very long it eliminates the...
  19. D

    What is the flaw in my logic for solving this Newton's 2nd law problem?

    Homework Statement http://postimg.org/image/z9uzlyt3p/ Homework Equations F=MA W=MG The Attempt at a Solution the force on the block must be gravity *its mass (weight) since it hangs, but because of the pulley and other box pulling the other way, creating an T, the force on the hanging block...
  20. J

    Effect of wind speed on running

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  21. M

    Understanding the Impact of Mass on Falling Objects: Applying Newton's 2nd Law

    I am trying to explain why a small object falling from a short distance on another object does not have the same impact as a bigger object falling from the same height on another object by using Newton's 2nd Law but I get stuck all the time. Can somebody please help me?
  22. O

    Easy university problem Newton's 2nd law

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  23. J

    Kirchhoff's 2nd Law: Terminal PD Calculation Homework

    Homework Statement For part (iv) 2 and 3 of this question, I don't understand why for 2) terminal p.d. of A is the e.m.f of A minus the p.d. across the internal resistance of A i.e. Va = 4.4-(0.24x2.3), I=0.24A But for 3) the terminal p.d. is the e.m.f of B PLUS the p.d. across the internal...
  24. bcrowell

    Education app demonstrating 2nd law of thermodynamics

    I recently posted about a browser-based educational app that graphs the position, velocity, and acceleration of the mouse's vertical motion. In the same spirit, I've written an app that demonstrates the statistical basis of the second law of thermodynamics by simulating the free expansion of a...
  25. pitbull

    Is this against Kelvin-Planck statement?

    Homework Statement An ideal gas expands isothermally in contact with a heat source. ∆U is zero in this case because it is an ideal gas and T=constant. Is this against Kelvin-Planck statement? Homework Equations pv=nRT dW=-pdV Kelvin-Planck statement: There is no process whose only result is...
  26. J-dizzal

    Newton's 2nd law question -- pushing a block up an inclined ramp....

    If a constant force is applied to an object and the force is pushing the object up a inclined ramp with constant velocity what is the acceleration if mass is unknown? F=ma F=m (1m/s^2) If i apply this equation then acceleration is 1m/s^2. Am i applying this formula correctly? thanks
  27. Tonia

    Show that Newton's 2nd Law is *Not* valid in a reference frame

    Homework Statement Show that Newton's Second Law is NOT valid in a reference frame moving past the laboratory frame of problem 1 with a constant acceleration? Problem 1: In a laboratory frame of reference, an observer notes that Newton's Second Law is valid. Show that it is also valid for an...
  28. Tonia

    Show that Newton's 2nd Law is Not valid in accelerating reference frame

    Homework Statement Show that Newton's Second Law is NOT valid in a reference frame moving past the laboratory frame of problem 1 with a constant acceleration? Problem 1: In a laboratory frame of reference, an observer notes that Newton's Second Law is valid. Show that it is also valid for an...
  29. B

    Proving that Angular Moment is Conserved - Kepler's 2nd Law

    Homework Statement Kepler’s 2nd law of planetary motion says that the radius vector drawn from the Sun to any planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals. By considering the small area swept out by the radius vector in time dt, show that \frac{dA}{dt} = \frac{L}{2m} , where L is...
  30. Overt

    Can Kepler's 2nd Law be applied to more than one planet?

    I saw an explanation for why Jupiter has a slower tangential velocity in its orbit compared to inner planets and it stated: "Remember that by Kepler’s second law, the planets each sweep-out the same area in the same amount of time. The outer planets’ elliptical orbits are considerably larger...
  31. Chestermiller

    Understanding Entropy and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics - comments

    Chestermiller submitted a new PF Insights post Understanding Entropy and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Continue reading the Original PF Insights Post.
  32. Calpalned

    Expressing Newton's 2nd law in terms of momentum

    Homework Statement Show that ##\Sigma \vec F = \frac {d \vec p}{dt} ## Homework Equations ##\Sigma \vec F = m \vec a ## ## \vec a = \frac {d \vec v}{dt} ## ## \vec p = m \vec v ## The Attempt at a Solution We need to prove that ## \frac {d \vec p}{dt} = m \vec a ##. When I physicists...
  33. R

    2nd Law of Thermo relation to initial condition of universe

    While reading some articles on Wikipedia I came upon one interesting statement that essential says (I've rephrased for clarity; correct me if I'm wrong): "The Time-asymmetry of the second law of thermodynamics is due to the initial conditions of our universe" Can someone elaborate on what...
  34. G

    What is the acceleration of a car with a hanging mass at an angle of 23 degrees?

    The problem states that a 3.4 kg object hangs at one end of a rope that is attached to a support on a car. The car and cruisin' and is accelerating, when it does this, the rope makes an angle of 23 degrees with the vertical. Acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s/s and the question is asking for the...
  35. K

    Computing Theoretical and Experimental Acceleration

    Homework Statement How do i compute theoretical acceleration and experimental acceleration? The Attempt at a Solution For the first sets of data, the experimental equation, i first averaged the timings. Then i used: s = ut + 0.5at^2, where u=0 0.7 = 0.5*a(2.11seconds)^2 a...
  36. Chacabucogod

    Carnot Reversible Machine: Exploring the Impact on 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

    I was reading Cengel's thermodynamics and noticed that he uses a thought experiment to show that there is no machine that is more efficient than the Carnot reversible machine. He says that both a reversible machine and an irreversible machine are connected to high and low temperature deposits...
  37. D

    Is a Freezer Truly a Closed System?

    I have read quite a few discussions about this topic of entropy and if this universe has a truly closed or, as I prefer to describe it "undisturbed", system and I have read some discussions about a freezer and chilling ice cubes etc. etc... To my extent of reading these conversations no one has...
  38. A

    Chain problem to do with Newton's 2nd law.

    Hello, I have a problem to do with a chain. You have a table with infinite drop and a chain of length l. The chain is let off at the end of the table. Assuming a frictionless table, calculate an expression for the speed of the chain. Could anyone help with this please? Best wishes...
  39. A

    How to get transfer function (freq. domain) from Newton's 2nd Law Eqn

    Homework Statement I am given the following dynamic system. I want to find the transfer function, θ1(s)/T(s). The main body of the satellite, J1, acts like a large mass flying through space; space is essentially without friction and therefore no damping is imparted on the main body...
  40. I

    Newton's 2nd law for open mass systems

    Sorry, but this will be a long post. This isn't homework, I'm reviewing physics after many years of neglect. Halliday & Resnick, 4th Ed., section on variable mass and rockets, refers the interested reader to an article, "Force, Momentum Change, and Motion," Martin S. Tiersten, Am. J...
  41. C

    Solving a Physics Problem: FBD and Newton's 2nd Law

    Homework Statement Attached Homework Equations Attached The Attempt at a Solution 2ac + 3 = 0 => ac = 1.5m/s^2 upwards For FBD of C, Newton's 2nd law 2T - 200g = 200*1.5 => T = 1131N For FBD of the beam, Take moments about A, and assume beam is rigid (CCW positive): 2.5T - 3T -...
  42. U

    Directions of currents in Kirchhoff's 2nd law problems

    Homework Statement Apply Kirchhoff's laws to find the current at point X in the circuit shown. What is the direction of the current? Homework Equations V = IR Kirchhoff's 1st law: ∑Currents entering junction = ∑Currents leaving junctions Kirchhoff's 2nd law: ∑EMFs in a loop =...
  43. A

    Understanding Newton's 2nd Law & Drude Assumption for Conductivity

    I can't derive it properly even though it should be easy: From Newtons 2nd law: m dv/dt = -eE => v(t) = -meEt + v(0) (the latter will average out when taking average) Now the Drude assumption: An electron will on average travel a time τ before being scattered and starting its motion...
  44. S

    Newtons 2nd Law - Acceleration Problem

    Homework Statement Starting from a rest position, how long will it take a 50 kg cyclist riding a 10 kg bike to reach a speed of 4 m/s if the resultant force acting on the bicycle is 48 N? Homework Equations F=ma Vf=Vi + at The Attempt at a Solution F=ma (F-48)=(50+10)(a)...
  45. G

    Open Problems in Interplay between QM & 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

    What are some open problems in the interplay between Quantum Mechanics and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics? thanks
  46. SSGD

    Newtons 2nd Law corrected for Relativity

    F = d(mv)/dt Newtons 2nd Law F = -kx Spring Force F = -cv Damping Force d(mv)/dt = -kx + -cv How would you correct the equation for a damped harmonic oscillator for relativity. If it is possible. I just want a one dimensional solution unless you have to go...
  47. A

    Different Forms of Newton's 2nd Law

    I’m supposed to prove that if ΣF(v) = -Av^2, where A is a constant, then Δx = m/A * ln (v0/v) by using Newton’s second law in the form ΣF = m dv/dt. I can solve the problem by using the form ΣF = mv dv/dx; however, it’s specifically stated that I’m not allowed to use the law in that form...
  48. J

    What about 2nd law of thermodynamics in Cyclic Universe Model?

    Not everyone likes the idea of Universe ​​created from a point singularity, so recently grows in popularity the cyclic model - that our Universe will finally collapse and use obtained momentum to bounce (so-called Big Bounce) and become the new Big Bang. One might criticize that we "know" that...
  49. J

    Variable MOI: Rotational 2nd Law

    I'm having trouble finding any sources that discuss equations of motion that take into account a changing moment of inertia. Just looking at the scaler case, angular momentum is L = I\omega Then, according to the 2nd law, \tau = \frac{d}{dt}(L) = \dot{I}\omega + I\alpha Is this correct...
  50. A

    Isothermal Expansion and the 2nd Law

    The book that I use (Concepts in Thermal Physics by S. and K. Blundell) states the second law in two ways. The way they state the Kelvin version is "no process is possible whose sole result is the complete conversion of heat into work." How does that fit in with the isothermal expansion of an...
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